Turner Thesis Summary Essay Example for Free

Turner Thesis Summary EssayThroughout history society has to go through many changes that not only affect many of the people but also the areas around the transformation. The main point of Fredrick Jackson Turners thesis is what the real essence of America is, and how were on the whole influenced by the many changes we have to go through. He believes that American history should not be focuse on the extension of European enterprise. The society volition have to realize that America will have to be emancipated because of the fact that we had a country with an unlimited amount of boundaries and have to come to realisation that we have many closed-spaced limits. The views in the seminal essay share his thoughts on the idea of how the termination shaped American history. Turner thinks that frontier the is the main lawsuit why America is the way it is today. With America expanding to the west and taking over, it was their job to adapt to the new environment. He focuses on the pa st and how people were fascinated with the frontier and the way the American West made people think about politics, economics, and culture and religion.Having to moving America to the west comes with many challenges, not only acquiring used to new things in the area, but also economic issues. You have to come into the new area, and start your new land there. The exploitation of the soil by a raising of unrotated crops of corn and wheat in sparsely settled farming. In the west, they had steady growth of complex nervous systems for the originally inert continent, this is the reason out why are one nation today, rather than a collection of isolated states. Areas such as Wisconsin, where they developed a manufactured agricultural interest, and northeasterly Dakota, where they have exclusive grain raising, have all influenced these west areas economically.There were many historians who made the attempt to interpret political facts by the light of mixer areas and changes. They discover ed that the growth of nationalism and the evolution of American political institutions were dependent on the advance of the frontier. The legislation of the west, which not only played the largest part of the act conditioned on the frontier, also developed the powers of the national government. The subject of tariff and internal improvement is the main question that had to do with the slavery struggle in the west. The first frontier had to meet Indian questions, and those questions dealt with the composition of the public domain, the intercourse with other older settlements, of the political extension organization. There were land policies such as having to know the mining experience in regions like Wisconsin, Illinois, and Iowa, and the Indian policy had been a series of experiments on successive frontiers.Coming to the west, it was expected that getting used to the culture and the religion was a must. The French colonization was dominated by its trading frontier, and the English colonization was dominated by its farming frontier. The conditions of the frontier feel came with smart traits of importance. Travelers works along each frontier from colonial days describe certain common traits. Turner states that the most effective efforts of the East to stupefy the frontier and came through it educational and religious activity, by interstate migration and organized societies.After reading Turners Thesis, it is easy to understand the more all important(predicate) concept of moving the Frontier to the West. He states how we are influenced by the changes the America has to go through. He believes that the history of America should not be focused on the expanding of the west. Turner thinks that frontier the is the main reason why America is the way it is today. He focuses on the past and how people were fascinated with the frontier and the way the American West made people think about politics, economics, and culture and religion.

Cloudstreet Essay Example for Free

Cloudstreet EssayHow is your personal interpretation of Cloudstreet governed by its treatment of enduring values? Cloudstreet, a sprawling saga composed by Tim Winton, explores the enduring values of atonement, desire and the inevitable unity of family that forms the basis for our existence. Through the overarching techniques of context and the use of the Australian vernacular, Winton presents his nostalgia for the traditional Australian life, as well as encouraging the answerer to postulate universal issues which lie at the nubble of human experience, such as the need to treat others equ ally. By passing the Pickles and the Lambs by means of and through a series of trials and tribulations, in accordance with the strength of sagaic novels, Winton examines important thoughts and philosophies about humankind. Through the examination of pivotal moments within the text, such as Fishs near drowning in the river, the respondent is able to gain their interpretation of the book an d its treatment of the universal values of reconciliation, hope and family unity.Cloudstreets treatment of the theme of reconciliation highlights the need for people to capture reconciliation within their existences, hence showing individual reconciliation with the forces of existence to be a central thematic concern. In Cloudstreet, this idea is expressed through Sams meeting with the blackfella after he returns from voting. While Sam implements classic Australian colloquialisms in his complaints about some rich bastard, he simultaneously plots to sell the house for some real money.This use of irony highlights Sams (symbolising the typical white man) ignorance of the fortune which he holds and which he considers to be mainstream. As a result, Sam is portrayed as a representative of white ignorance, and while he seems to be an average Australian, Winton portrays him to be a symptom of what is wrong with Australia as, while Sam is able to sense the otherworldliness of the blackfella , he perseveres with his callous plans to exploit home and to be disconnected from his spiritual existence.This idea is further exemplified through Sams gesture of offering a cigarette to the blackfella. The symbolism in this grasp presents Sam as the epitome of all that the class that he represents is able to provide. Reconciliation provides the basis for the emergent and disturbing spirituality of the house. The origins of the horror and ominous spirituality that exudes from the house lies in the misguided and brutish need to socialise Aboriginals, evidenced in the horrendous treatment of theAboriginal girls in the house that emerges from this ignorant misunderstanding. Hence, through the metaphor of Sam, Winton comments upon contemporary social and political problems and particularly the culture of denial within Australian culture at the time. This idea of the need for reconciliation is also expressed through the idea of family. The grandness of family is another consistent the me throughout the novel. In Debts, Winton explores the instinctive force that drives members of a family to protect one another, despite all previous conflict.This is evidenced through Lester and Quicks feelings of responsibility for Fish, which, particularly in the case of Quick, is driven by the guilt of Fishs near drowning. As Lester says, We owe him things dont forget Fishdont pretend to Fish. The desperate, beseeching tone represents his instinctive desire to help Fish, in order to find reconciliation within himself. This idea is further expressed in Ghostly sensations, where Rose supports Sam during his desperate attempt at suicide.Despite Roses feelings towards her lets burden on the family, which Sam himself recongises, Im a weak stupid bastard. Rose assumes responsibility and protects her father. This is expressed through the motherly image of She grabbed his head and pulled it to her breast. The characters demonstrate the almost primeval urge that drives family member s to protect one another, effectively communicated through Wintons use of language.Thus, Winton shows his nostalgia for earlier times, when these values were at the core of Australian society. The theme of hope in Cloudstreet is expressed primarily through the Pickles stringent belief in the presence of the circuitous tooshie. The motif of the shifty dwarf runs throughout the novel, presenting itself as a satirisation of the ideas of conventional religion and its affiliated dogma, and establishes a means by which characters such as Sam and Rose give up the unfathomable forces which govern their lives.The imagery of the spinning knife, which is used to decide whether the Lambs will start a shop or who is washing up, presents the idea that, for these characters, religion is more significant as a social context than as any element of a resolution of faith. The dislocation that the Pickles and the Lambs feel from the idea of divinity fudge echoes Wintons view that the contemporary working class could not relate to Christian ideals because of their own lack of fortune.Sams own nterpretation of the shifty shadow reflects pagan views of the world, in that he maintains a respect for rituals that is fundamental to all societies. You stay right there till the shadows fallen crosswise whoevers lucky or unlucky enough, and then when its all over, you go out and get on with your business. The colloquial tone of this sentence emphasises to the responder that, despite his working class background, there are ritualistic ideas bred into him and which he will not contravene.As such, Cloudstreets treatment of the theme of the shifty shadow examines spirituality as well as the unknowable. Cloudstreets treatment of the values of individual reconciliation, the importance of family and hope reflects its contextual situation, that of late 20th century Australia. Moreover, it reflects Wintons desperate longing for an era of post war Australia. Through a close examination of the text, the responder gains insight into the central and enduring values of Wintons society.

Case Study: Patient With Shortness Of Breath

Case Study Patient With Shortness Of BreathPatient IdentityThe uncomplaining is a 54 year old female, Mrs SK who is a housewife with a BMI of 25.7kg/m2.Presenting ComplaintsShe was brought in to the Accident and Emergency (AE) department, complaining of nearsightedness of breath (SOB) and a profit open cough.History of Presenting ComplaintsThe enduring was experiencing SOB for the past 2-3 days, and was progressively worsening on the day on main course. It was not associated with chest tightness and she was able to sleep the darkness before. She was in addition having persistent productive cough with white phlegm since she was last discharged 12 days ago.Past Medical HistoryShe was diagnosed with diabetes mellitus and hypertension 8 years ago and has history of gastritis for the past 5 years. She was newly diagnosed with bronchial bronchial bronchial asthma in her last admission two weeks ago.Social HistoryThe uncomplaining is a widow since 6 years ago and is a housewife with 3 children. She poses in a factory atomic number 18a and has a sanctify at home. She is a non-smoker and a non-alcoholic.Family HistoryHer mother and father stomach no known medical illness, however she has a cousin who suffers from bronchial asthma and is frequently admitted to the wards.Drug HistoryThe patient was on Sal simplyamol and Budesonide inhalers, 200mcg when necessary and 200mcg in one chemise at night respectively for her bronchial asthma. For her hypertension, she was on 40mg Telmisartan tablets once at night. She was also taking Gliclazide tablets, 80mg twice daily and metformin tablets, 500mg three times a day for her diabetes mellitus. For her hypercholestrolaemia, the patient was taking Lovastatin tablets 20mg once at night. Based on the Morisky Scale, she was compliant with her medication and she had no known drug allergy.Examination DetailsOn examination, the patient was alert and conscious. She was pink and appeared to be fairly hydrated. She was also able to speak in full sentences, and was not tachypnoeic. A Chest X-ray showed that there was a pneumonic consolidation at the right lower lobe of her lungs. Her beginning pressure (BP) was 152/82mmHg, pulse rate (PR) was 109 beats per minute (bpm) and was afebrile. Her oxygen saturation (SpO2) was 96% under 3 litres of oxygen and her blood glucose was measured to be 4.7mmol/L.InvestigationsUpon admission, precedent laboratory investigations were carried out and were obtained. From the nephritic function test, it was seen that the patient had a low potassium level of 2.8mmol/l and her calculated creatinine clearance was 60.0ml/min which indicated that she had mild renal impairment. The liver function test showed that she had normal liver function. The quest shows the results that were out of the reference values for her haematological tests.C-Reactive Protein (CRP)31.1 Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) (0 15 mm/hr)110 Haemoglobin (Hb)(13.5-18 g/dl)10.3 Haematocrit(0.36-0.4 6 L/l)0.303 Red Blood Count (RBC)(3.8-4.8 x 1012 /l)3.45 White Cell Count (WCC)(4-11 x 109 /l)15.1 Neutrophil (Neutro)(2 7.5 x 109 /l)10.57 Diagnosis/ImpressionPatient was signly diagnosed with Acute Exacerbation of Bronchial asthma attack (AEBA) secondary to an upper respiratory infection (URTI) to rule out pneumonia. However, afterward in the day when the chest X-ray came back, she was diagnosed with pneumonia with right parapneumonic effusion.Management PlanThe patients current medication was exsertd and was given 3 litres of oxygen via a emaciated prong (NP). She was commenced on prednisolone tablets, 30mg once a day and was given nebulised Combivent (Ipratropium 20mcg/salbutamol 100mcg), every 4 hours. Her peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) and SpO2 was to be monitored. Antibiotics were kept in view to be started if necessary after the total white blood count results came back.Clinical ProgressUpon admission, the patient was afebrile, was tolerating orally comfortably, did not oblige whatever sorethroat but was having a non productive cough. An echocardiogram (ECG) was done and it showed that she had sinus rhythm with no ischaemic changes. As her chest x-ray showed a right lower govern consolidation, she was diagnosed with pneumonia. She was promptly commenced on 2g Ceftazidime intravenously, and therefore continued on 1g three times a day. She was also under nebulised combivent every 6 hours. Her metformin and gliclazide was halt and she was started on subcutaneous 10 units of Humulin three times a day and 12 units of Humulin N once at night. On twenty-four hours 2 of her stay, her blood results came back and as she has low potassium levels, she was given 15mls of Mist KCl three times daily and two Slow K tablets once daily. She was still complaining of cough without sputum and was given 15mls of Benadryl (diphenhydramine) syrup three times a day. The patient did not fork out any study complaints on the third day and was tolerating orally well. There was no SOB seen and she had good inhaler technique. She was then taken off the nebulizer combivent and the oxygen. By day 4, the patient was comfortable, and her cough and sputum had decreased. Examination on her lungs showed that she had prolonged expiratory phase. She was stopped on the Benadryl as well as Mist KCl and Slow K. later reinforcement on the inhaler technique by the pharmacist, the patient was discharged on day 5 as she was afebrile and had minimal cough. On discharge, she was then switched back to her oral hypoglycaemics and her intravenous antibiotic was switched to oral Cefuroxime 500mg twice daily for the next 10 days. She was also given Neulin SR 250mg once at night. Table 1 shows the vital signs chart for Mrs SK throughout her hospital stay.Table 1 Vital Signs ChartDayTimeBP (mmHg)PR (bpm)SpO2Blood Glucose (mmol/l)113.00178/102109100%6.914.00152/8210998% NP15.404.718.40133/7311497% RA21.156.223.05151/82119203.15143/8110606.006.308.30119/6794100%10 .354.811.24100/6110797%15.20112/8210016.30128/701006.222.003.623.50118/596698%3L O2304.10124/64104100%3L O206.158.209.40100/609611.508.515.30108/679417.207.420.00121/7586404.00110/566206.007.908.00110/70634.216.00105/759196%17.009.722.00138/671146.1505.009.607.1511.1Pharmaceutical Care IssuesThe first care issue is to review the management of AEBA found on the British Guideline on the Management of Asthma. The social disease of prednisolone should be increased to 50mg once a day for at to the last degree 5 days or until recovery. Since the patient is prescribed with theophylline on discharge, she should be counseled on the signs and symptoms of theophylline toxicity such as confusion, dizziness, diarrhoea, nausea, fatigue and headache.The second issue is regarding the choice of antibiotics for the word of community acquired pneumonia in this patient. A sputum full examination microscopic examination (FEME) should be requested to identify the causative microorganisms of the lung infection. If empirical treatment is to be started the preferred drugs of choice would be amoxicillin 500mg three times a day plus either erythromycin 500mg four times a day or clarithromycin 500mg twice daily. Alternative choices would be levofloxacin 500mg once daily or moxifloxacin 400mg once a day, should the patient be intolerant of the preferred regimen. Thirdly, there is no clear indication of the prescription of the diphenhydramine in the first place, as it would only suppress the patients cough, which is inappropriate. Hence it should be stopped immediately.Next, the patients updated blood cholesterol levels should be taken and the appropriate use of statins should be reviewed. As she is on long-term statin use, her liver enzymes should be monitored regularly and if is raised by three-fold, she should stop taking the Lovastatin. She should also be counseled on the symptoms of rhabdomyolysis which is tie in to the long term use of statins, such as unexplained muscle pain, stiffness, weakness and the darkening of urine colour.The following issue is regarding the patients diabetes management. A HbA1c test should be done to determine her glycated haemoglobin level to see how well her self-management has been. She should also be advised on diet and lifestyle to keep her diabetes under tally. Lastly, as she has low red blood count, haemoglobin and haematocrit levels, it is suspected that she has anaemia. Further tests should be done to confirm this, and if it is diagnosed, she should be given ferrous supplements such as ferrous sulphate tablets 200mg twice daily.DISEASE OVERVIEW AND PHARMACOLOGICAL BASIS OF DRUG THERAPYAcute Exacerbation of Bronchial Asthma An OverviewAsthma is a chronic rabble-rousing dis ball club of the airways where many cells and cellular elements play a role. This leads to recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing, particularly at night or in the morning. These inflammatory symptoms are ordina rily associated with extensive but variable airflow obstruction within the lung as well as airway hyperresponsiveness and this is reversible either on its own or with treatment. 1Asthma is a worldwide problem as it is estimated that about 4.5% of the worlds population is affected, which amounts to 300million individuals approximately. The global prevalence of asthma varies from 1-18% of populations in countries all over the world.Asthma has three distinguishing characteristics which are airflow limitation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and bronchial red. Airflow limitation is usually resolved by itself with or without treatment but for individuals with chronic asthma, fire may result in irreversible airflow limitation. Stimuli such as spikelets or allergens may pose as triggers in airway hyperresponsiveness and bronchial firing off is associated with eosinophils, T-lymphocytes and mast cells which cause plasma exudation, smooth muscle hypertrophy, mucous plugging and epithelial c hanges. It is shown that inflammation of the airways play a major role in the pathology of asthma and this starts when allergens or irritant trigger the activation of cells such as epithelial cells, macrophages, lymphocytes and mast cells. This leads to cytokine or mediator release and smooth muscle contraction resulting in cellular infiltration of eosinophils and neutrophils cause airway inflammation including oedema, epithelial permeability or injury, mucous secretion and vascular permeability which finally leads to airway obstruction and hyperresponsiveness.The diagnosis of asthma is based on a collection of signs and symptoms without a reasonable explanation for them and spirometry is an early test which is easy to assess if there is any airflow obstruction enter and its extent. For diagnosed patients with asthma, tart aggravations may occur and because patients with atrocious asthma are at increased risk of death following exacerbations, assessments of exacerbations are cr ucial. Clinical features of acute asthma exacerbations include strict breathlessness, tachypnoea, tachycardia, silent chest, cyanosis, or syncope. Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) or Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1) is also used to measure the lung capacity. Oxygen saturation (SpO2) is measured using a pulse oximetry and this aids oxygen therapy as oxygen therapy is given in order to keep SpO2 levels at 94-98%. Measurements of arterial blood gases (ABG) are usually not necessary unless patients present with features of life-threatening asthma or have SpO2 of less than 92% as there may be a risk of hypercapnea if SpO2 is lower than 92%. Chest X-rays are also not recommended unless patients are suspected of pneumonia or lung consolidations, suffering from life-threatening asthma, having unsatisfactory response to treatment or if they require ventilation.Pharmacological Intervention in the management of AEBA2OxygenOxygen therapy is needed well-nigh of the time as patients who are having acute asthma usually present with hypoxia as well. Hence, all patients with hypoxia who are suffering from acute severe asthma should be given oxygen and their SpO2 levels should be kept at 94-98%.2 agonist bronchodilatorsAs first line therapy, high dose inhaled 2 agonist bronchodilators are used as soon as possible as rapid relievers of bronchospasm. For patients who are unable to use inhaled therapy, intravenous 2-agonists are used instead. 2 agonist bronchodilators work by stimulating the 2 adrenoceptors in the lungs, thus causing relaxation of the airways. Examples of short acting 2-agonist are salbutamol and terbutaline, and a long acting 2-agonist is salmeterol.GlucocorticosteroidsSteroids should endlessly be given in all cases of acute asthma. Examples of these are prednisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone, and hydrocortisone. They exert an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting transcription of the genes for the cytokines implicated in asthmatic inflammation and h ence reduce airway hyper-responsiveness.Anti-cholinergic agentsIpratropium bromide is one of the anti-cholinergic agents that is used widely in treatment of acute exacerbations of asthma. Nebulised ipratropium bromide is used in combination with a 2-agonist bronchodilator as treatment for patients with severe acute or life-threatening asthma. Anti-cholinergic agents work by inhibit muscarinic receptors M1 and M3 which then reduces cGMP formation and decreases smooth muscle contractility in the lungs. This eventually results in bronchodilation and reduces mucus secretion.Other therapiesOther therapies include the use of magnesium sulphate. A single bolus dose of intravenous magnesium sulphate is administered to patients with acute severe asthma with previous unsatisfactory response to inhaled bronchodilator therapy or for patients who are suffering from life-threatening or near fatal asthma. It is believed that magnesium sulphate works by reducing calcium uptake by the bronchial smoo th muscle cells, causing bronchodilation and also inhibits mast cells degranulation, thus reducing the release of inflammatory mediators such as histamines, and leukotrienes.EVIDENCE FOR TREATMENT OF THE CONDITIONThe management of asthma can be divided into two parts acute treatment, and long term management.Management of acute asthmaIt has been shown that some patients suffering from acute severe asthma are hypoxaemic. Therefore it is essential that supplementary oxygen therapy be given to them.3-6 This is administered via a demonstrate mask or nasal prong with the patients SpO2 kept between 94-98%.7 Where nebulisers are needed in therapy, oxygen-driven nebulisers are favoured instead of those that are air-driven due to oxygen desaturation when driven by air alone.8-10 However, the lack of provision of supplemental oxygen should not pose as a factor in omitting nebulised therapy from administration if deemed appropriate.11Referring to the case presented above, the patient was do by accordingly as she was immediately given supplemental oxygen and her SpO2 was maintained well above 96% throughout hospital stay.As acute asthma is associated with symptoms of bronchospasms such as wheezing and tachypnoea, the main aim of treatment is to quickly resolve these symptoms and most often, high doses of inhaled 2 agonist bronchodilators are effective with borderline adverse effects.12-14 Salbutamol is usually the drug of choice although there is no prodigious differences in terms of efficacy as compared to Terbutaline. It is shown that there are no significant clinical benefits by using a non-selective 2 agonist such as epinephrine instead of selective 2 agonists.15 Based on a meta-analysis, it is seen that 2 agonists administered via inhalation are more preferable and has similar efficacy with those administered intravenously in adult acute asthma.16 In ventilated patients or those in life-threatening conditions, parenteral 2 agonists may be added to inhaled 2 a gonist treatment although there is gnomish demonstration supporting this treatment. Although a single bolus nebulisation may relieve most acute asthma cases, it is shown that continuous nebulised treatment of 2 agonists is more effective in relieving acute asthma for those with unsatisfactory response to initial therapy.17, 18Steroid therapy is always given in acute exacerbations of asthma and it is proven that it has better result if given earlier. It not only reduces mortality but it also reduces relapses and the number of hospital admissions as well.19, 20 Oral steroids given are seen to be equally as effective as parenteral treatment hence there is no need for the use of parenteral administration of steroids unless the patient is unable to tolerate orally.19 prednisolone 40-50mg is given daily for at least five days or until recovery and this can be stopped abruptly after the patient has recovered.2 As long as the patient is on inhaled steroids, there is no need for the dose t o be tapered down slowly prior to discontinuation.21In the case presented, the patient was commenced on steroid therapy but was under-treated as she was only given prednisolone 30mg once daily for just one day. Hence, there is a need to increase the dose of prednisolone to 50mg and to continue is for at least another four days or until recovery before stopping this treatment.In hospital therapy, anticholinergic treatments are given to severe exacerbations of asthma and nebulised ipratropium bromide is always the drug of choice used in clinical settings. A combination of nebulised ipratropum bromide with a 2 agonist bronchodilator is often given as treatment as it is proven that a combination of these two agents has a significant increase in bronchodilatation as compared to the use of a 2 agonist alone. Hence, there is faster recovery and will reduce the length of hospital stay. However, it is also seen that anticholinergic treatment is not particularly effective and favourable for c ases of mild exacerbations of asthma as well as after the patient has been stabilized, thus is not necessary in these cases.22-24The patient in this case was seen to be having a mild exacerbation of acute asthma and hence nebulised ipratropium bromide treatment was not necessary. However, the use of nebulised Combivent, a combination of ipratropium bromide and salbutamol was reassert since this patient was re-attending with a relapse and she was also suffering from pneumonia as well. Hence, there was probably a need for a quicker rate of bronchodilation as well as faster recovery for her.The use of magnesium sulphate in hospital treatment of AEBA is not widely seen, however there have been several(prenominal) distinguish showing the bronchodilating effects of magnesium sulphate when used in adults.25 There are also studies which report that nebulised magnesium sulphate combined with a 2 agonist shows positive outcomes and good clinical effectiveness in hospital settings.26, 27 Th e use of an intravenous bolus administration of magnesium sulphate is believed to get ahead lung function in patients who have severe asthma without harmful side effects.28 Nevertheless, there have been no studies on the perennial administrations of magnesium sulphate, though it is presumed that repeated use may lead to hypermagnesaemia, causing muscle weakness and respiratory failure. As further extensive studies need to be done to determine the most suitable route and dosing of magnesium sulphate, this treatment is reserved only for patients with acute severe asthma without satisfactory response to inhaled bronchodilator therapy and patients with life-threatening of near fatal asthma.monitor should be carried out constantly throughout hospital stay and in acute asthma cases, monitoring of PEF is crucial. PEF readings should be measured and recorded every 30 minutes after treatment has been started. PEF should also be monitored pre- and post- nebulisation therapies as long as the patient is in hospital and until the asthma is well under control after discharge.It is seen that after hospital discharge, a relative amount of patients either experience relapse or are readmitted into the hospital with at least 15% within two weeks following discharge.29 Therefore it is essential that patient education such as proper inhaler technique, and well-documented PEF recordings with action plans depending on symptoms experienced should be instilled in order to reduce rate of relapses as well as minimize problems associated with exacerbations after discharge.30Monitoring of the patients PEF was done consistently throughout her hospital stay and the patient was given sufficient counseling prior to discharge on her inhaler technique. However, there was no evidence that the patient was educated on self-documenting PEF recordings as well as action plans based on symptoms experienced following discharge and this should be done in this case to avoid another exacerbation of her condition.Long Term Management of AsthmaThe aim of management of asthma is to keep it well-controlled without the need of rescue medications, asymptomatic, no exacerbations, no hindrance to daily activities including workout as well as normal lung function. A stepwise management approach is adopted for asthma patients and this is to acquire initial control and maintain it by stepping up treatment to improve control if necessary or stepping down treatment if there is good control over the condition to maintain the lowest step that will control the patients condition.As the patient is currently on regular preventer therapy with inhaled steroids, she is currently on step 2 of the management of asthma. There have been many studies being carried out to compare the different inhaled steroids that are being used for asthma and it is shown that beclomethasone diproprionate and budesonide are both similarly clinically effective although there may be different devices for delivery. It has al so been seen that fluticasone and mometasone being administered at half the dosage of beclomethasone and budesonide shows equivalent clinical effectiveness, however there is somewhat inadequate evidence that fluticasone possesses fewer side effects and further studies need to be carried out on establishing the safety profile of mometasone.31 A new inhaled steroid has been introduced which is ciclesonide and clinical trials have shown evidence that it has more local activity than systemic and less oropharyngeal side effects as compared to the regular inhaled steroids.32-35 Although this seems promising, this clinical advantage is still polemic as its safety to efficacy ratio has yet to be established and compared with the conventional inhaled steroids. Inhaled steroids are recommended as preventer drug therapy for adults as they are most clinically effective in controlling asthma based on the treatment goals outlined.36-39 The frequency of dosing of inhaled steroids are generally tw ice daily and it is shown that there is slight clinical benefit obtained when taken twice a day than once daily, however a once daily dosing may suffice for those with milder asthma. There is also express mail evidence of advantage with increased frequency of greater than twice a day.37 In addition to that, starting at higher than recommended doses have no significant effectiveness in management of mild to moderate asthma.40 Hence the recommended dosage for inhaled steroids would be 200-800mcg daily. This would be an add-on therapy to the step 1 management of using inhaled short acting 2 agonist bronchodilator as required.Based on the presented case, the patient was on budesonide 200mcg once at night prior to admission but this was immediately increased on admission and was in line with the recommended guidelines as she was continued on budesonide 400mcg twice a day together with salbutamol 200mcg as required following discharge.Other preventer therapies may be included for the pat ient despite inhaled steroids being the first choice of drugs for preventer therapy. These alternatives are less effective although they have shown some clinical benefit in patients who are on short acting 2 agonists only. Chromones which act as mast cell stabilizers such as sodium cromoglicate and nedocromil sodium have shown to be beneficial in adults.41, 42 Apart from that, leukotriene receptor antagonists montelukast and zafirlukast too have clinical benefits.37, 43, 44 Theophylline also have some evidence in showing benefits in adults.36, 45The patient in the case presented above was prescribed sustained-release theophylline on the last day of admission. Although it is another resource that may be added to daily controller medications for step 2 management, there is very little evidence on the clinical efficacy of it as a long term controller. There is no reason to justify the use of theophylline in this case as the patient is responsive and can be controlled on inhaled steroi ds. Further more, theophylline has a narrow therapeutic index and close monitoring of plasma theophylline levels is necessary because at concentrations above 25g/ml, there is high risk of tachycardia and seizures may occur if concentrations exceed 35g/ml.CONCLUSIONAfter reviewing the management of the patients condition throughout hospital stay, it can be concluded that SK was treated adequately based on the current guidelines and evidences attainable. She was given all necessary treatment at point of admission and there was no lacking of medications in all four days of her hospital admission. Apart from that, monitoring of her condition was carried out consistently and all data was updated, leaving no room for questioning and doubt. However, there were a few issues that came to attention which were the prescribing of several drugs that were unnecessary such as diphenhydramine and theophylline. There were little and no clear evidence that these drugs prescribed would be of benefit to the patient, and may also increase the risk of harmful effects to her as well.Alongside treatment of her acute condition, SKs controller medications were reviewed and subsequent changes were made as appropriate. Besides that, her other co-morbidities were also managed well as treatments for her hypertension and diabetes mellitus were given accordingly.PATIENT MEDICATION visiblenessPATIENT DETAILSNameS.K.ConsultantDr YKSGeneral PractitionerAddressGenderFemaleWeight65kgHeight1.59mCommunity Pharmacist exit of lineage (Age)54 years oldKnown SensitivitiesNKDASocial HistoryWidow of 6 years, Housewife, Non-smoker, Does not drinkPATIENT HOSPITAL STAYPresenting complaint in primary care / reason for admissionAdmission date17/04/09Shortness of breath for the past two days, progressivelyDischarge Date laid-off to21/04/09 Homeworsening today and productive cough.RELEVANT MEDICAL HISTORYRELEVANT DRUG HISTORYDateProblem DescriptionDate medical specialtyComments2001Diabetes MellitusT. Diamic ron80mg BD2001HypertensionT. Metformin500mg TDS2004GastritisT. Telmisartan40mg ON2009Bronchial AsthmaMDI Salbutamol200mcg PRNMDI Budesonide200mcg ONT. Lovastatin20mg ONRELEVANT NON DRUG TREATMENTPrescribed MedicationStartStopClinical/Laboratory TestsDate Result1T. Telmisartan 40mg OD18/0421/042T. Gliclazide 80mg BD17/0417/043T. Metformin 500mg TDS17/044T. Lovastatin 20mg ON17/0419/045MDI Salbutamol 200mcg 2 puffs PRN17/046MDI Budesonide 200mcg 2 puffs BD17/047T. Prednisolone 30mg OD17/0417/048Neb. Combivent 6-hourly17/0419/049IV Ceftazidime 2g STAT, then 1g TDS17/0421/0410S/C Humulin R 10units TDS17/0421/0411S/C Humulin N 12units ON17/0421/0412Syrup diphenhydramine 15mls TDS18/0420/0413T. Slow K 2tabs BD18/0420/0414Mist KCl 15mls TDS18/0420/0415T. Theophylline 250mg OD20/04CLINCIAL MANAGEMENTDiagn

Analysis Of The Leadership Of Kim Jong Il History Essay

Analysis Of The Leadership Of Kim Jong Il History EssayIt is believed to be important to examine the life and attractorship dash of Kim Jong Il for several(prenominal) reasons. Among these reasons be the following. There is much talk about an absolute and/or unquestioning loyalty to Jong Il (e.g. Kang, 2006 Pollack, 2009), and it is deemed important to derive the reason for this. In addition, although compass north Korea bears the description The Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, its political political orientation appears to be in no way linked to democracy, and it is believed that the reason for this should be investigated. Also, of grave concern is how the wad of northward Korea continue to remain in submission to the inhumane treatment that they have been receiving, and how they have managed (i.e. despite the atrocities taking place in their agricultural) to oblige the ideology that their m some former(a) country is literally Paradise on Earth (Hyun Sik, 2008, p.5 0). What allows uniting Koreans to preserve the thought that they are living in a chosen domain (Hyun Sik, 2008, p.50)? Does their political leader have eitherthing to do with it? What about his lead mood? This paper is expected to unearth the truth behind the north Korean situation.It is believed to be important to understand the newton Korean situation with the image of its leader, because of the nature of his leadership. Jong Il is expound as hotshot who has assumed absolute control of North Korea (Kang, 2006). He is what is known as a dictator. Consequently, it is believed that if he were to be properly examined then it may be understood why he is the way he is, how the hatful of North Korea have been requireed by his rule as rise up as how things may be open to turn around for his country and people.To net the above understanding, an academic research will be conducted on Jong Il in an effort to be able to assess his life and leadership style to gain the sough t after result. This research will be conducted in the form of a literature review. First the leaders biography will be presented followed by which his leadership style will be diagnosed and assessed inside the con text edition of Nahavandis text book on leadership (i.e. The Art and Science of Leadership, fifth edition). Through an analysis of the literature and Nahavandis text, the parallels between Jong Ils leadership style and the concepts discussed within the text will be identified in order for a detailed assessment of the North Korean political leadership situation to take place. This assessment should be what will produce a conceptual understanding of the present political leadership within the North Korean context as wholesome as how this leadership situation not only coincides with what Nahavandi (2009) presents, but oerly works to affect the lives of the North Korean people (i.e. inclusive of its leader, Jong Il, the one in question).A brief history of the leaderIt is unclear when Kim Jong Il was born as rise up as under what circumstances his birth took place. Jong Il, jibe to Pike (2009), was born on the 16th day of February, 1941. AE Television Networks (2009) also stated the alike season of birth for Jong Il. However, both Pike (2009) and AE Television Networks (2009), acknowledge that Jong Ils year of birth was subsequently ad honorableed to 1942. The reason switchn by Pike (2009) for this change was that the same was expected to necessitate a thirty-year age difference between Jong Il and his preceptor Il Sung.The circumstances surrounding Jong Ils birth remain a mystery. more accounts have been given of the same. Some of these accounts include the following Jong Ils family claimed that a swallow foretold his birth new(prenominal)s claim that a double rainbow appeared over Mount Baekdu when he was born, term some even stated that with the event of his birth, a new star appeared in the heavens. All these theories surrounding his bir th take root in what is depict as a cult of spirit, which simply illustrates that legend and official North Korean government accounts describe Jong Ils life, character, and actions in ways that promote and legitimize his leadership (AE Television Networks, 2009). Needless to say, whether Jong Il was born in Khabarovsk, USSR or in a secret camp on Mt. Baekdu in Samjiyon County, Ryanggang Province (Pike, 2009), there appears to be something mystic about this leader. If there was not, then why would all of North Korea hail him as the Dear Leader and interpret his as well as his fathers existence through an analogy of Jesus Christ and God (i.e. with Jong Il being do to represent Jesus Christ in the minds of the North Korean people, while his father, Il Sung, is being made to represent God in the minds of the same) (AE Television Networks, 2009 Kang, 2006)? As Kang (2006) stated, the people of North Korea literally worship Jong Il just as they worshipped his father Kim Il Sung.One No rth Korean gave the following account of Jong IlGeneral Kim Jong Il is a rare vast man of Baekdu type who was born at Mt. Baekdu, the sacred mountain of our nation, and made an unusual growth amidst the fussy revolutionary education of his parents, brilliant commanders of Baekdu, as well as the practical training of the revolutionary struggle. He personifies the revolutionary tenderness, trait and nature of Mt. Baekdu. The revolutionary spirit of Mt. Baekdu personified by him is the spirit of independence associated with the soul of Baekdu, the spirit of gun inheriting the linage of Baekdu, the indefatigable revolutionary spirit replete with the mettle of Baekdu and the optimistic spirit consistent with cheerfulness of Baekdu. The revolutionary trait of Mt. Baekdu have by him is pluck and courage of Baekdu-style giant, ever-victorious sagacity of the brilliant commander of Baekdu, broad-mindedness befitting a heroic man, organizing expertness of leading millions of people, inde fatigable attacking spirit, square ability of execution (Pike, 2009).As mystic as Jong Il may have appeared, he was seen as one who demonstrated loyalty to his father Il Sung. This loyalty, according to Pike (2009), was demonstrated through Jong Ils involvement of the purging of his fathers guerrilla cronies as well as those who were not deemed personal friends of the Great Leader (Kang, 2006). It is believed that this loyalty to his father is what made him his fathers successor.Jong Il was described as forever being in politics. He was noted as being active in the Childrens Union a youth organization that promotes the concept of Juche (the spirit of self-reliance) as well as in the Democratic Youth League, where he engaged in the study of red ink ideology (i.e. in relation to politics) (AE Television Networks, 2009). It is believed that in 1974, Jong Il was named the successor of the revolutionary cause of Juche, and that between 1971 and 1980 he was given positions of increasin g importance within the Korean Workers Party (Pike, 2009). When Jong Il was named successor to the cause of Juche, he reportedly embarked on an initiative, which saw to the advancement of the program, which was concerned with the imbuing of the entire Korean indian lodge with the Juche ideology (Pike, 2009).Kim Jong Il reportedly had an interest in many disciplines, none of which he was contingently good at (Hyun Sik, 2008). One of the disciplines Jong Il was interested in was the arts. He was described by AE Television Networks (2009) as the overseer of the Propaganda and Agitation department in his country. This department was the one responsible for controlling the media as well as for censorship (AE Television Networks, 2009). As leader of this department, Jong Il reportedly used the mass media, literature and art, all media that fall under the umbrella term touristed culture, to stretch his public image as well as to obtain popular support for himself (Pike, 2009). When Jong Ils father died in 1994, Jong Il reportedly assumed supreme power over the North Korean state. It is through this acquisition of power that Jong Il micro-manages every detail of government business (Pike, 2009).Pike (2009) describes Jong Il as being opposite to his father. He is described as being impatient as well as a vivid displayer of extemporaneous behaviours. Jong Il is described as being arrogant and self-centered in policy decision making, unappreciative of criticism as well as opposing opinion and randy when it comes to displaying his likes and dislikes (Pike, 2009). However, on his softer side, Jong Il is known to be a lover of movies (e.g. James Bond movies) and is known to have a personal collection of films in unnecessary of 20000 (AE Television Networks, 2009). Nevertheless, despite the latter, Jong Il can be thought of as a sad case, because his legitimacy as ruler of North Korea is determined by the said countrys political system. As a result, Jong Il remains pri soner to a system into which he was born. There is nothing Jong Il could do to unsnarl his nations political system without undermining his own legitimacy. Therefore, his only rational option is to uphold the system (Pike, 2009). Jong Ils upholding of the system is notably in the best interest of his country.A critical assessment of the life and leadership style of Kim Jong IlKim Jong Il, on the basis of his biography, can be deemed a personal appealtic leader. However, he is of the unethical type. He is deemed a charismatic leader because he shows forth characteristics such as a high degree of self-confidence (expressed through his firm belief in his ideology), strong convictions about his ideas (which is establish on him being unaccepting of criticisms as well as opposing opinions), expressiveness (manifested through his description of being an emotionally expressive individual) as well as activeness in image building (expressed through his use of popular culture to expand his popular image) (Nahavandi, 2009 Pike, 2009).However, although the above is true of Jong Il, he is also deemed to be unethical for several reasons. Jong Il is noted to use his power for personal gain or impact and to promote his personal vision (i.e. through the use of the Propaganda and Agitation Department), to censure critical or opposing views (i.e. through his unaccepting of them), to demand that his decisions be accepted without question (as manifested through the unquestioning compliance communicate of by Kang, 2006), to use one-way communication, and to be insensitive to followers needs (accounted for through Kangs description of the sufferings that the people of Korea are made to endure at the die of Jong Il) (Howell Avolio, 1992).Although Jong Il uses his power indiscriminately, he can still be considered an effective leader. This is because based on the circumstances in his country he uses his power to maintain the stability required for the effective functioning of the same. It may not be the view of many removed of North Korea. However, with the level of brainwashing the people of that land have received nothing seems wrong for most of not all. As it was noted earlier, even though Jong Ils leadership style is not the best, he has no choice than to ensure that it is perpetuated. This is because if he chooses to change the way his authority is ascribed to him (i.e. to reform the political system in his country) he will be doing himself more molest than good. As Pike (2009) described, Jong Il is a prisoner to the system a prisoner in that even if he wants to change the system, he would not, because of the unwillingness to give up his supreme, divine status. It is what grants him his legitimacy as political leader of North Korea, and it therefore cannot be changed without upsetting the present leaders legitimacy to rule over the state. Jong Il can therefore be placed within the context of the contingency era of leadership. This is because as Fiedl er describes, his effectiveness as a leader is based on a match between his leadership style and the leadership situation (Nahavandi, 2009). Jong Il is effective as a leader because his leadership style matches his leadership situation (Nahavandi, 2009).Jong Ils leadership personality can also be interpreted in terms of the behaviorist perspective. It can be thought that Jong Il was trained to be the type of leader that he is. His father, Il Sung, ensured that Jong Il was groomed in a particular way from young. He (Jong Il) was made to wait on specific schools namely, Namsan Primary School (a school he later destroyed through bombing), Namsan Higher Middle School, and Kim Il Sung University (AE Television Networks, 2009 Hyun Sik, 2008). According to Hyun Sik (2008), these schools (afore mentioned) were mute for the elite of the North Korean fellowship, in particular, party officials above the rank of vice minister (p.47). At these schools, the concept of Juche was taught. Apart f rom attending these schools, Jong Il was able to nurse the Juche ideology from being in close contact with his father as well as through his involvement with the Childrens Union. Consequently, he was able to perpetuate its existence. Jong Il believably learned to be a dictator, an autocratic, because as his former instructor described, he was a shy young man (Hyun Sik, 2008). But what made him acquire this leadership personality?It is believed that Jong Il was predisposed to acquire certain behavioral characteristics that would have allowed him to be an effective leader today. It is believed that Jong Il was exposed to a great deal of charismatic experiences throughout his early life. As a result of this it is assumed that he has adopted a certain degree of charisma and that this very charisma is what he was able to use to sway the minds of the Korean people in the direction that he wanted them to go. Jong Il, because of his ability to manipulate the minds of the North Korean people , through the channel of indoctrination, as accounted for by Lankov (2007), can be described as an individual who whips high on the Machiavellian personality scale. Jong Il and his parents crafty use of supernatural accounts at the time of his birth were used to convince the people of North Korea that Jong Il is a deity. Consequently, the North Korean people found themselves worshipping Jong Il in much the same way as they worshipped his father (Kang, 2006).Apart from Jong Il being made to confront like a deity, he reportedly did all in his power to keep the people of North Korea thinking and acting in a particular way, a way that would ensure the continued legitimacy of his power that flows from his position as Supreme Leader/Ruler of the DPRK. For example, as stated by Lankov (2007), North Korea has maintained a self-imposed information blockade that is without parallel (p.71). North Koreans are not allowed to have free tuning radios, neither are they allowed to heed to news cas ts and programs that are from sources outside North Korea. This news blackout is supposed to keep North Koreans believing that their country is an earthly paradise (Lankov, 2007, p.71). In this way, North Koreans will cast a blind eye upon the inhumanities that Jong Il is said to bestow upon them, because they supposedly do not know any better. In other words, their reality is based purely on what Jong Il feeds them. So, although North Koreans may feel in their hearts and minds that something is wrong with the political leadership in their country (if even they do), they will continue to exist within a false reality, because of the unadulterated doctrine, which has been ingrained deep within their psyche.Continuing on the subject of power, the other sources of power that Kim Jong Il possesses is that of Coercive federal agency and Reverent Power. Nahavandi states that coercive power is the leaders ability to punish persons comply for fear of this punishment. Kim Jong Il exercises h is Coercive Power by ensuring that he attains full compliance from the people by instilling fear in them by threatening to arrest persons who refuses to adhere to his directives deeming them political criminals. Jong Il also received Reverent Power through his coercive tactics on his people. He did this by mandating the people to worship him and his father and demanded that all believed and followed the principles of Juche. So not only was he their political leader her was their spiritual leader qualifying his Reverent power.Jong Il is accused of committing many heinous crimes against the North Korean people. Kang (2006) argues that he should be charged for crimes of war as well as of genocide. Kang (2006) argues that although Jong Il may not commit these crimes himself, he (in one way or another) sanctions them. Kang (2006) was contendful to mention that the people of North Korea were mistreated on the basis of their religion and nationality. Christians and what were described as half-Han Chinese infants fathered by Chinese or other non-Koreans fell victim to Jong Ils rule. Women, who fled to China and got pregnant there, and were later forced to surpass to North Korea, were forced to have abortions. In the case of religion, any one who was deemed associated with any other religion besides Juche was persecuted by Jong Il. These persons were typically those who fled to countries outside North Korea seeking refuge, and were suspected of being influenced by outside intervention. However, unfortunately for them, they were forced to return to their home land (Kang, 2006) where they paid the ultimate penalty for their supposed spiritual fornication. According to Kang (2006)One person testified that she saw prison security officers kill several Christians by pouring molten iron on them after they refused to renounce their religion and accept the state ideology of Juche. In particular, members of underground Christian churches and persons in contact with Christia n missionaries have been subjected to harsh punishment, prolonged detention without charge, torture, or execution (p.99).Jong Il is so adamant about his belief in Juche that he went to great lengths to gain compliance from all persons dwelling within his territory of rule. Kang (2006) stated that the citizens of North Korea were literally mandated to worship Jong Il and his father based on what was known as the Ten Great Principles of Unique Ideology. Persons failing to comply with this order became political or ideological criminals and were made to suffer much treat (inclusive of rape and the deprivation of food and medicine) (Kang, 2006). No one was spared the wrath of Jong Il from the smallest and most innocent of children to the oldest of adults, were made to suffer the consequences of their perceived defiance to Jong Il. For example, it was noted by Kang (2006) that Jong Il punished a nine year old and his family, because the child innocently scribbled over the faces of Jong Il and his father Il Sung that were printed in his text book. Neither the child nor his family was ever seen again they literally vanished off the face of the earth.The interesting thing about Jong Il is that he ensured that he was awarded compliance from his citizens by instilling fear in them. Kang (2006) noted that In addition to a cult-like mentality existing in North Korea, a culture of surveillance pervaded the North Korean society (p.56). Every individual was literally placed as each others watch man to ensure that each individual was living according to Jong Ils rules and/or orders. The Peoples warrantor Agency, the State Security Protection Agency, and the Korean Workers Party each planted their own informants in all work-places and units of organization, and since no one knew who exactly was an informant, they were all forced to be on their Ps and Qs (i.e. to be on their best behavior) (Kang, 2006). All these efforts to ensure forced compliance to Jong Il illustrates tha t the North Korean leader is definitely a high Mach because he is more than willing to do whatever is necessary to gain his desired end (i.e. even though it means manipulating other people as he evidently did or gaining his desires at the expense of other individuals).From the preceding essay, it can be deduced that Kim Jong Il is definitely the leader of a brutal dictatorship. He displays qualities of an autocrat, because he makes decisions on his own (i.e. without being opposed). The literature exposed him as one being intolerant of criticism and disfavoring of opposing opinions. Jong Il was described as a leader to which there was an unquestioning loyalty. Everything he ordered was executed by his subordinates (i.e. the people over which he ruled) without question. This occurred irrespective of whether the actions were right or wrong. Jong Il was termed a high Mach because he was seen as one using the legitimacy of his power to manipulate his followers into doing precisely what h e wanted them to do (i.e. without care for how his desires were affecting the persons directly involved).Jong Il utilized fear tactics to ensure that he gained the compliance he required another indicator that he would score high on the Machiavellian personality scale. Apart from severely punishing people for defying him, he placed the North Korean people against each other by making them all spies for him. The North Korean leader appeared to be a possessor of charismatic qualities (i.e. he was deemed to be one born with special qualities for a special purpose). His birth was described as supernatural in occurrence, and the activities surrounding his birth were used as a tactic to gain the desired support from his followers.Jong Il, despite his negative qualities, appears to be an effective leader because he is able to maintain the stability required in his country. He appears to be in operation(p) under the contingency model of leadership because his leadership style appears to b e directly related to his leadership situation. However, although Jong Il appears to be an effective leader, he is one that is unethical for various reasons. For example, Jong Il is noted to use his power for personal gain or impact and to promote his personal vision, to censure critical or opposing views, to demand that his decisions be accepted without question, to use one-way communication, and to be insensitive to followers needs all actions that are unethical by Howell and Avolios standards.Jong Il appears to be an explicit case of the nature/nurture principle. He is believed to be endowed with certain character traits (e.g. influence and/or charisma) nature that together with his ideology (Juche) and/or trained behavioral characteristics (authoritarianism or dictatorship) shapes his leadership style nurture. Jong Ils personality and leadership style have created a North Korea that sparks immense interest from the outside world. Apart from them being interpreted as treacher ous, it is still unfathomable how the people of North Korea, at the hands of one man, can live to accept such an inhumane political system, and comply with it unquestioningly. Could this be a case demonstrating the share power of indoctrination or is it that North Koreas leader has emerged to be so powerful and feared, because his society provides the grounds for him to do so? Some food for thought.

The Slaughter House :: Description Essays

The Slaughter House Though he was harshly treated, he submitted and opened not his mouth like a love that is direct to the slaughter, or a sheep before the shearers, he was silent and opened not his mouth Isaiah 537 Trudging along the dirt road that led down to the abattoir, I was experiencing strong emotions. My stomach churned at the thought of the blood I was likely to encounter during the processing of lambs. I reasoned that to get a valid opinion on the subject, I had to witness the entire process, no matter how unpleasant. As I entered the abattoir I was greeted by Tim, a schoolgirlish graduate student who would be assisting the professor throughout the process. I was told to step into a tray on the floor filled with a disinfectant to prevent the access of unwelcomed germs that hid on the bottom of my shoes. I pulled on a long yellow apron and placed a hair net and hard hat on my head. A small class of animal s cience majors walked in who would also be viewing the slaughtering. The professor and Tim prepared for the process by thoroughly washing and sanitizing all of their instruments, sharpening their knives, and placing hooks on a track overhead that holds the sheep carcass upside down. I stepped outside and saw the four sheep that were to be killed. They were clump together as if they knew what was to happen and were saying their goodbyes. Tim reassured me they were only afraid of being in a strange, confined space. I stood off to the side as Tim led the first of the sheep inside. The sheep gave little struggle and made no sound. Tim gripped its head tightly as the professor placed a bolt gun on the top of its skull. The bolt gun worked similar to a revolver.

Bonds between Mothers and Daughters in Breath, Eyes, Memory and the Jo

Bonds between Mothers and Daughters in Breath, Eyes, Memoryand the Joy Luck bludgeon Breath, Eyes, Memory and the Joy Luck Club both describe the bonds between mothers and female childs. The relationships between the mother and daughter depicted in BEM and JLC is largely influenced by a foreign cultivation conflicting with the American culture. However, that is where the similarities end for the two novels. After reading the Joy Luck Club, my spare-time activity in Chinese culture was increase due to the fact that it is a deep-rooted culture very old and with a powerful philosophy. After reading Breath, Eyes, Memory, I have no interest in learning more about Haiti. The culture seems very dark, depressing and void of intelligent thought. For many immirgrants, go forth home is not an easy task. For Sophie leaving everything that she has ever ben was not very easy for her. It is also very difficult to remove someone or something for an envoirment that they a grown very acustom t o a fault however not ever knowing you mother and the only way that you can see her is by leaving you homeland and everyone you have know there. For a daughter to not know her mother is a very difficult sittuation. Having a sister I know the bond that a mother and her daughter have. In many ways they are each others confidants. For Sophie there were many things that she knew and that was fine with her however like I said before you did not know her mother and that gave her enough reason to leave everything to go to new york. When the oppourtiny finally came Sophie she had to suck it up and leave on a plane bound for the unfermented World. Meeting Her mother for the first time was very difficult for Sophie however the most hardest thing to deal with was the tremendous chang... ...an because they would be of the same culture. The change from support some where that is dominated by one culture to moving to a neighborhood that has a variety of cultures, is going to take its toll. Fo r example it was unheard of that a young girl would not listen to her mother, but in America, were individuality is stressed more it was common for young girls to try and find their own way. In conclusion problems always arrive during immigration. In my opinion immigration would be more successful if people realized how much they had in common with others quite then how they are different. It would also run more smoothly if we realized that people are going to be effected by the new culture and that change is inevitable. Works CitedDanticat, Edwidge. Breath, Eyes, Memory. New York Vintage, 1994.Tan, Amy. The Joy Luck Club. New York Putnam, 1989.

Software Piracy in India and the Developed World :: Software Computers Technology Essays

Software Piracy in India and the Developed WorldIntroduction Software Piracy in India Software is i of the easiest and a very lucrative medium to steal. The copies made are as good as the original software and can be made speedily in large quantities. This makes it very difficult to effectively enforce anti-piracy laws, as the officials cannot raid each and every home in search of illegal copies of procure software. In India, with a population of over 1 billion, effective enforcement of anti-piracy laws is a ponderous task. The government of India possesses neither the allow for nor the finances to dedicate a chunk of its budget to enforcing copyright infringement laws. Another problem is that to control expenditure of monitoring and convicting such a huge calculate of offenders is a complicated and quantify consuming process. Latest figures show that the Personal Computer market in India is rocketing skywards. In the quarter ending December 31st, 2003, 800,000 units were sol d. Out of these 55 percent of the ready reckoner sales were of regional brands and unbranded systems. It should be noted that not all of these brands conform to software copyright laws as in the United States and Europe, or change surface in India. By the end of March 2004, an estimated 3 million personal computers are expected to sell. 2 The regional brands are the most responsible for propagating software piracy. In order to sell the computers cheap, pi enumerated versions of software are installed on all machines sold. It can easily be deduced how much loss software piracy will cause the industry in the recent future.The use of illegal or copied versions of software costs the worldwide software industry more than 13 gazillion Dollars a year in revenues, out of which 1.96 billion dollars are lost in the US alone, which has a software piracy rate of 23 percent. In some East-Asian, Latin American and European countries, 95 percent of the software used is pirated. So, India is bet ter off but still has a long representation to go in the fight against software piracy.India is unarguably one of the software hubs of the world, yet software piracy is rampant in this country. The software piracy rate in India is nearly 65 percent. No illegal activity of this scale can survive unless and until it has the support or involvement of a large number of users. The more concrete manner in which software piracy can be precluded is to pro-actively involve the public in the anti-piracy initiative.