Political economic social technological environmental and legal analysis

The state of Pakistan is one which is really volatile in footings of political stableness. The current authorities is a democracy which was elected into parliament in February 2008, after its prima political individual Benazir Bhutto was assassinated in December 2007. The last authorities was headed by Mr. Pervez Musharraf who resigned as head of army staff and president of Pakistan, thereby stoping the military regulation in Pakistan which lasted about 8 old ages. The current authorities has been in power for 3 old ages now and is expected to stay until the 2013 elections. Historically, the administrative bureaus of the authorities have been noted to be extremely corrupt and uneffective which has non changed with the new democratic authorities. One of the major political factors in Pakistan is the go oning war on panic. Ever since the September 11 onslaughts on the World trade centre in New York, Pakistan has been confronting terrorist act issues. Between 2002 and 2010, Pakistan has incurred a entire cost of 43 billion dollars. The figure of terrorist onslaughts since 2002 entire 8,141 incidents incurring entire casualties of 8,875 with more than 20,000 injured. This has caused negative promotion of Pakistan to the planetary universe and has affected Pakistan in many ways. These include: Damage to substructure, such as roads and railroads Loss of Foreign investings Diversion of budgets to fund this war on panic Loss of the already deteriorating touristry industry Loss of lives of the people of Pakistan every bit good as aliens ( Economic Survey of Pakistan 2009-2010 ) Any single or organisation sing puting in Pakistan will hold to weigh the benefits versus the hazards of puting in such an insecure political environment. Unilever and a figure of transnational companies have to cover with the hazards of such a hostile environment. The higher hazard leads to hesitant attack on carry oning major investings on bettering concern chances or developing new concern chances. Smuggling of tea through Afghan Transit Trade Agreement The ATTA ( Afghan Transit Trade Agreement ) was signed in 1965. This understanding was for the promotion of Afghanistan but this provided chances to smuggle points under it, such as Surs and black tea. ( Tea intelligence direct: Kenya seeks reductionaˆÂ ¦.. , Tribune: Govt. ignores tea smugglingaˆÂ ¦.. ) Afghan people ( 25 million ) are largely green tea drinkers ( day-to-day times: proposal to exemptaˆÂ ¦.. ) But it imports black tea more than its one-year ingestion and this tea is so sold in Pakistani market before it reaches Afghanistan. This malpractice is non merely doing harm to national treasury, through lost income, but besides to the legal importers of tea, of which 1 is Unilever Pakistan. In 2007-08: legal imports were 103,230,355kg while illegal imports were 68,001,625kg In 2008-09: legal imports were 102,021,150kg while illegal imports were 90,991,848kg In 2009-10: legal imports were 88,627,724kg while illegal imports were 93,089,436kg ( day-to-day times: proposal to exemptaˆÂ ¦.. ) Over the three financial old ages, legal tea imports are diminishing whereas smuggled tea is increasing. In 2009-2010, it is seen that the degree of bootleg tea has surpassed the legal imports. The state of affairs has worsened because the authorities, alternatively of taking any bold stairss to halt this maltreatment of understanding, it has farther increased its revenue enhancements and responsibilities on imports. Depreciation of rupee against dollar and increasing input costs has farther intensified the job for legal importers like Unilever. Legal importers have to pay 33.7 % revenue enhancement ( 10 % imposts responsibility, 17 % gross revenues revenue enhancement, 5 % beforehand income revenue enhancement and 1 % Particular Excise Duty ) while cost to runners is approx. 16.7 % ( day-to-day times: proposal to exemptaˆÂ ¦ . ) In 2009, The Pakistan Tea Association ( PTA ) and the Federation of the Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry ( FPCCI ) suggested that tea should be removed from ATT list. Later, in 2010, PTA has recommended cut downing general gross revenues revenue enhancement to 7.5 % and relieving usage responsibility to eliminate the inducement for smuggling. Unilever shaper of two of the most celebrated tea trade names of Pakistan i-e Lipton and Brook Bond. It has closed its Lipton works at Karachi in 2008 because of the crisp diminution in drinks section. Other issues to see Another issue is the forgery merchandises available in the market. This is doing jobs for bonafide participants like Unilever. When the CEO of Unilever Global, Paul Polman, visited the Pakistan market, he had similar comments. Harmonizing to South Asiatic intelligence bureau, 2010, â€Å" On the topic of forgery merchandises found in the state he said he would wish the authorities to make much more to control this really unsafe pattern. Unilever merchandises like Supreme Tea, Rafhan custard, Fair and Lovely pick and Sunsilk shampoo are amongst the most to endure from this pattern. â€Å" Counterfeit in Food merchandises can be really unsafe, † said Polman. † The authorities of Pakistan is non taking any strict stairss to deter this pattern. The Pakistan energy crisis has been in being for a long clip now, but due to the of all time increasing population and demand for more energy, the Pakistan authorities has yet to bridge the spread between energy supply and demand. This state of affairs has worsened in the latest old ages taking to monolithic power cuts to industries taking to downtime. Unilever Pakistan ‘s trade name Walls Ice pick has besides been affected by this state of affairs at its ice pick mill. Other industries have reverted to self-electrical coevals to run into their energy demands ; Unilever Pakistan may necessitate to see this option every bit good. In add-on to normal import responsibility, 25 % regulative responsibility was imposed in 2008 on many points, including laundry detergent, to promote local investing and fabrication. However, this regulative responsibility on detergent was removed in the budget of 2009-10 which negatively impacted the grosss of local industries as a consequence of increased imports. The laundry detergent sector is turning at a rate of 10 % per twelvemonth and competition in this sector is intense. Unilever is taking in value through its trade name SURF after deriving market portion from P & A ; G ‘s ARIEL. While Colgate Palmolive is taking it in volume through its trade name BONUS. ( day-to-day times: detergent pulverization industry demands.. )ECONOMICLocal investing creates occupations contributes to economic system FDI above issue can be relatedWealth creative activity, poorness decreaseThe economic system of Pakistan, although confronting many challenges, is steadily turning. Gross domestic Product ( GDP ) has been turning steadily, although in 2008-2009, it saw the lowest slack in history due to many factors described below. The consumer monetary value index, i.e. rising prices has reached dual figures in the last 3 financial old ages due to the planetary consequence of trade good monetary values, among other things. Income per capita has been increasing at an mean rate of 16 % in rupee footings and at an mean rate of 9 % in USD footings. The economic system of Pakistan in the twelvemonth 2007-2008 faced legion challenges, non merely from domestic issues, but besides the international influences caused by the planetary fiscal crisis. Due to the planetary economic downswing faced by the USA and Europe states, Pakistan ‘s exports were affected with lower demand for its chief prized export: fabrics, in the USA. Besides, the billowing costs of nutrient and oil monetary values and other trade goods in the in planetary market caused the high degrees of rising prices that hit the economic system in 2008. Coupled with the domestic issues of political instability, utmost power deficits and disgusting security environment, the Pakistan economic system faced several challenges. In 2008-2009, Pakistan saw its lowest GDP growing, with merely a 1.2 % addition in GDP for the twelvemonth. This twelvemonth was rattled by political uncertainness, due to the new democratic authorities, after 8 old ages of military regulation by the old president. However, the deterioration planetary fiscal crisis besides caused a big diminution in the exports of Pakistan. Pakistani Rupee is deteriorating in value, in 2008-2009 exchange rates jumped from 60 PKR/USD to 78 PKR/USD. This along with the deficit of electricity and high rising prices in Pakistan were the high spots of lower GDP. Another major factor is the go oning war on panic in the northwest tribal parts of Pakistan. The cumulative impact on Pakistan, of this war on panic, has been $ 43 billion for the old ages 2005-2010. This war causes terrible complications to the economic system of Pakistan, including lower GDP growing, reduced foreign direct investings, loss of occupations, and non to advert, the recreation of resources to fund the war on panic. In 2009-2010, the economic system of Pakistan stabilized with a GDP growing of 4.1 % Although Pakistan still faces legion issues such as the offense of the war on panic, energy and H2O deficits, and the internal security state of affairs ; it still has recovered due to turning exports and lower rising prices as compared with anterior old ages. Pakistan besides received a loan from the IMF which it has used to construct up its foreign militias and acquire its economic system back on path. Another concern is some policies adopted by the authorities do non back up local fabrication and development activities. As celebrated above, the authorities of Pakistan had imposed a high import responsibility on laundry detergent pulverization ( LDP ) in its Budget of 2008, but revoked this responsibility in 2009-2010 budget. Doing so, importing is now the cheaper beginning for LDP, alternatively of fabricating it locally. This has had effects on the local makers. A sum of 3 fabricating units exist in Pakistan, using approx. 1,000 workers. The local makers were be aftering on increasing production capacity by puting in farther workss and supplying extra occupations. With the higher responsibilities being revoked, programs have been delayed by makers, thereby damaging the economic system of Pakistan. ( day-to-day times: detergent pulverization industry demands.. ) Unilever Global and Unilever Pakistan usage Palm oil as a major input into many of their merchandises. It is straight used in ice pick and soap bars, whereas its byproduct is used in laundry detergent and besides the personal attention section. The planetary fiscal crisis paired with lifting rising prices saw unprecedented high degrees of monetary values of Palm oil. These high natural stuff input costs affect the operations of Unilever Pakistan. Below is a graph demoing the fluctuations of Palm oil monetary values: The monetary value of thenar oil has ne'er surged every bit much as it has in the last twosome old ages. The higher monetary value in early 2008 was due to high ingestion and demand, nevertheless, this fell suddenly in late 2008 due to frights of recession. A similar form can be observed with other trade goods such as gum elastic and oil. The monetary value of palm oil remained above the $ 600 grade in 2009 and has now surged one time once more in Q4 of 2010 due to increased planetary demand. Bing one of the key inputs to its sections, Unilever Pakistan needs to see other surrogate schemes to fudge this hazard of volatile thenar oil monetary values.SOCIO-CULTURALGlobal trade names are customized harmonizing to the needs/culture of Pakistani peopleBusiness Partner Code includes 10 rules which relates to the duty towards the employees, environment and the environment. ( providers are required to raise their criterions to Business Partner Code )Health/nutritionPakistan is one of the out standing developing states of South Asia. Originally its population was concentrated in the rural countries, but recent tendencies have shown turning urbanisation. Pakistan ‘s entire population is 173.51 million, out of with 63.05 million represent urban populations and 110.46 million unrecorded in rural countries. Population pyramids show that Pakistan ‘s population is chiefly increasing in the lower age groups of age 15-29 old ages old. This class has well increased over the old ages. With higher population and higher income per individual, consumer life styles are altering and people have higher disposable income to pass on merchandises available in the market. Still, Unilever does non aim merely one category of consumers. Its merchandise packaging and costs are designed in a manner to appeal to all the people of society. For high priced merchandises, Unilever Pakistan has introduced mini sachet packaging with lower volume of the merchandise, so that even the lower ca tegory consumers can buy and utilize them. Economic study of Pakistan Social and environmental Report of Unilever Pakistan ‘s bulk population are Muslims, due to this all merchandises need to be halal, in conformity with Islamic instructions. Halal means allowed or permitted, in conformity with Islamic instructions. Any companies runing in Pakistan, specifically those who have any nexus with consumers need to guarantee that all their operations, ingredients, and methods are in conformity with Islam ; otherwise, their merchandises will be labeled as un-Islamic and will non last in the market. Unilever faced negative promotion from non merely the local populace, but besides from the International populace and International Union of Food ( IUF ) due to its pattern of engaging a monolithic labour force for production of its merchandises, on a impermanent footing, without supplying any employee benefits. In 2007, Unilever is acclaimed to hold merely 509 lasting employees out of some 8,000 entire employees. The run for employee rights lasted for a period of 2 old ages from 2007 to 2009, after which Unilever reached an understanding with the IUF presenting pecuniary hard currency payments to employees every bit good as the promise of supplying extra permanent occupations. Numerous Tea Articles Unilever besides hosted a world show through its trade name of â€Å" Clear shampoo † in which contestants were given legion challenges to get the better of to win a major award. However, due to miss of proper safety steps, a contestant, Saad Khan, drowned in a swimming challenge on the show. This incident proved to be really detrimental to the reputation Unilever for non holding proper safety agreements which led to this tragic incident. Unilever Pakistan denied all liability for the incident, which farther aggravated this issue. Media ITE – World show kills contestant Timess online UK – Pakistan world Television contestant, Saad Khan, drowns executing challenge Corporate Social Responsibility Unilever Pakistan actively engages itself in its Corporate Social Responsibility ( CSR ) activities. It focuses on the undermentioned societal factors: wellness, wellbeing, hygiene, nutrition, health care, instruction, and authorization. Alternatively of utilizing its ain corporate name Unilever, it focuses on a procedure called ‘Brand Imprinting ‘ whereas it advertises its chief trade names through its CSR enterprises. Its CSR activities and trade names are: Surf Excel – Laundry detergent Powder Unilever has related this trade name to its enterprise of act uponing â€Å" healthy & amp ; physical growing every bit good as rational development in kids. † Unilever Pakistan, in concurrence with Idara-e-Taleem-o-Aagahi ( ITA ) , helps convey consciousness to parents about the importance of physical activity to advance mental and physical growing among kids. The partnership besides worked towards developing legion instructors and supplying course of studies to advance activity based acquisition. Unilever Pakistan besides organized an Art competition back uping this subject and built legion resort areas for kids in rural countries. Lifebuoy – Soap and shampoo This trade name relates to the demand for a healthy and hygiene environment in any place. Unilever spouses with United States Agency for International Development ( USAID ) and Pakistan Poverty Relief Fundss ( PPAF ) in raising consciousness among different territories across Pakistan about the importance of basic hygiene. It besides helps patronize the Global manus rinsing twenty-four hours in Pakistan. Blue band – Margarine spread Blue set promotes the consciousness and demand of healthy nutrition. Unilever helps advance nutrition by developing its merchandise in such ways that they become healthy. Whether it be cutting trans-fat from its oleos or adding Ca to its ice pick, Unilever aims to be a healthy merchandise maker. Unilever besides helps supply free repasts by lending to them itself, every bit good as operate an employee plan whereas each employee has a pick of feeding a kid for a really nominal sum of Rs. 375 per month. In 2009, more than 500 employees opted for this and helped cut down kid hungriness in Pakistan. Other enterprises Unilever Pakistan provides support and grants to legion establishments in Pakistan. These include: Supporting oculus attention, kidney, and general infirmaries and patients. Supporting a scope of Educational establishments such as humanistic disciplines, concern, manner, scientific discipline, and technology pupils. Supporting different organisations and establishments every twelvemonth by offering grants after they satisfy the demands. Social and Environmental study – Unilever Unilever Pakistan besides contributes to natural catastrophes and other unanticipated events in Pakistan. The most recent part of this nature was of 1 million Euros every bit good many necessity points of soap, toothpaste, and shampoo in August 2010 after the inundation had destroyed places of 1000s of people. Daily times – Unilever to assist inundation affectees Unilever Pakistan besides supports its employees in many ways. It introduced a plan of ‘flexi-hours ‘ in which eligible employees could take the work displacements that they want to come to the office in, whether forenoon, midday, or dark. The latest add-on is the pilot programme of ‘Agile working ‘ . In this, certain eligible employees may take to work from their places alternatively of coming to the office every twenty-four hours. The chief focal point is to do ‘work – an activity, non a topographic point ‘ Due to this and many other benefits, Unilever Pakistan has won the Pakistan Society for Human Resource Management ‘s ( PSHRM ) â€Å" Most Preferable Graduate Employer Award 2008 † and is at the top of the list of many MBA, technology, and IT pupils pick of the topographic point to work after graduation. Unilever ‘s success illustrates the promiseaˆÂ ¦ Unilever website hypertext transfer protocol: //www.unilever.pk/aboutus/newsandmedia/news/unileverpakistanwinstwoawards.aspx The Express Tribune – Unilever tries out ‘Agile working ‘TECHNOLOGICALDue to the nature of operations of the FMCG industry, it is non runing in a fact paced technological environment, such as nomadic phones or laptops. Rather, its chief technological factors come into position in its fabrication capableness utilizing province of the art fabrication methods and besides, its supply and distribution methods. Unilever Pakistan is a subordinate of Unilever Global. Unilever Global has over 6,000 Research and development staff employed worldwide, and merely in 2009, it spent 891 million Euros on Research and Development outgo. Unilever Pakistan, with its ultimate planetary parent, can take advantage of the advanced potency of Unilever planetary and utilize its competencies utilizing province of the art engineering to derive a competitory advantage in its local Pakistan market. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.unilever.pk/innovation/ Unilever Pakistan uses the cyberspace to entree Unilever Global on-line E-learning faculty to develop its employees and maintain them up to day of the month on new occurrences in Unilever. This technological betterment has helped Unilever conduct preparations of many of its employees without holding to incur monolithic costs for going and lodging. Use of this faculty ensures that all preparations given to employees globally are indistinguishable. Social and Environmental study UnileverENVIRONMENTALBusiness Partner Code includes 10 rules which relates to the duty towards the employees, environment and the environment. ( providers are required to raise their criterions to Business Partner Code )Climate alteration H2O scarceness

Review of Related Works and Studies Essay

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Intro to business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Intro to business - Research Paper Example spending i.e., food and beverages, and recorded a steady growth; in a way it invented a new market structure through its monopolistic structure, a thorough competitive activity, industry costs and capital structure, all achieved through a systematic approach and healthy business practices. Its journey from Seattle to other parts of the United States and then rest of the world is said to have begun in the 1990s (Starbucks Coffee Company, par.1). Although Starbucks’ main products include a variety of coffee, they also provide food services within the same outlets. Their main business objectives include production of high quality product, aim for customer delight, ensuring utmost employee satisfaction and strategic business performance. Operating in multiple locations across the globe requires a great deal of effort, excellent team of executives and an effective leadership. Starbucks’ leaders infused this culture into every employee through healthy management practices such as team working, training, empowerment of employees, alignment to the mission and vision of Starbucks, appropriate performance measurement and feedback system. From a business perspective, their supply chain network is highly established and well managed through practices such as Coffee and Farmer Equity (C.A.F.E ) program, supplier certification, and robust product evaluation mechanisms. It also abides by all the social, legal, ethical responsibilities towards environment and State through appropriate practices (Starbucks Corporation, p.22). Starbucks has laid much stress on continuous improvement, which includes a continuous identification of areas of improvement; taking up these areas as opportunities to perform better and has successfully implemented Total Quality Management (TQM) system in all sectors (Starbucks Corporation, p.11). The advantages of such business include potential to attract more customers, continuous revenue generation, increasing popularity and can attract best

Environmental science lab Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Environmental science lab - Assignment Example Driving my car has made it possible for me to keep my appointments since I usually arrive at my destinations on time. It is easy to travel by road because I follow the roads, which do not have a lot of traffic. Through road transportation, I am able to reach remote areas, which cannot be accessed by other forms of transportation. It is also economical to buy gas for my car. Road transport has saved a lot of lives; drivers are licensed and they maintain speed limits when driving (Reggiani & Schintler 312). There is a little chance of me to change my mode of transportation since the other modes of transportation such as water or air are not convenient for me. For instance, there are areas, which I frequently visit that do not have water or air transportation. Additionally, travelling by air or water does not guarantee me the privacy I need whenever I am travelling. It is not necessary also for me to change my mode of transport, since the other alternatives are either not readily available and they are extremely expensive (Reggiani & Schintler

Critically evaluate the consequences of the consumers increased Essay

Critically evaluate the consequences of the consumers increased expectation that news should be free for content producers, advertisers and consumers - Essay Example Appurtenant to the digital revolution has been the radicalisation of communication modes, with the inception of chat rooms, email, instant messaging and blogs. In turn these novel communication modes have reshaped social interaction in the contemporary social framework within the continuous movement towards global homogenous cultural paradigms and international business networks (Volmer & Precourt, 2008). Indeed, Volmer and Precourt (2008) refer to the comments of a 2007 interview with Nike vice president Trevor Edwards, who commented that â€Å"gone are the days of one shoe, one advertising campaign, Now you’ve got to engage consumers on every level† (In Vomer & Precourt, 2008, p.2). A prime example of one of these levels is the immediacy of the social network Twitter, which enables instantaneous connectivity with consumers. As such, Comm et al highlight that â€Å"businesses can harness the immediacy of Twitter to innovate and build relationships like never before† (2009, p.xiv). However, whilst the social networking phenomenon clearly enables businesses a much wider level of access to potential customers; the increase in networking and peer to peer information dissemination has led to an increased expectation that news and content should be free (Shimp, 2008; Gupta, 2009). Furthermore, the increase in consumer control has led to consumers wanting more information before purchasing and the availability of free information has led to an expectation of free content (Volmer & Precourt, 2008). Accordingly, the increased consumer control and expectation of certain content being free clearly impacts the traditional method of advertising and marketing as a result of changes in consumer expectation. For example, business leader and Squidoo creator Seth Godin refers to the fact that consumers are more likely to be

The Essence of Time Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Influence about Hungarian folk music in Liszt rhapsody no.2 Research Paper

Influence about Hungarian folk music in Liszt rhapsody no.2 - Research Paper Example The first Hungarian creations of Liszt were made during his stay in Vienna and Paris, yet these works, specifically the two movements of Zum Andenken, are anything but thoughtful compositions (Arnold 18). Besides the record of a Hungarian-influenced Schubert tune, Liszt was unable to give much attention to the music of his native land until his homecoming as an adult (Gervers 385). Liszt’s return to his homeland in 1839-1840 was vital to the development of his personal musical technique. In spite of his German roots, embraced French traditions, and mother tongue, Liszt had not stopped to proclaim himself a Hungarian (Loya 28). It was in the course of these visits, famous as the revered national champion of romantic nationalism at a time of Hungary’s fight for cultural and national autonomy, that he started to return to his Hungarian origins with more fervent sentiments. The early portrayals of the national music of Hungary that Liszt was not able to forget eventually became more meaningful to him than sheer oddity. This form of distinctive national music at its peak at the moment was certainly not folk music, but an expression of global ancestry. Zoltan Kodaly and Bela Bartok would uncover the early Hungarian peasant music much later in the first half of the 20th century (Walker 54). The national music had emerged from an enlisting music, or verb unkos, that had thrived since the latter part of the 18th century (Gervers 386). This paper discusses the influence of Hungarian folk music on Liszt’s rhapsody no. 2 or, generally, on his Hungarian rhapsodies. Simply numerous, roughly the same tunes, are the prerequisite components of folk music. An example of this folk music is the Hungarian village’s music. Those who are slightly familiar with contemporary Hungarian village melodies are aware that their songs have obvious resemblance in relation to structure and cadence. The two major classifications of Hungarian village

European union law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

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Rape Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Rape - Essay Example It is essentially intended to humiliate, demean and harm the victim. In looking at physical results of rape, the victim is often but not always choked or strangled at some point during the rape and will often suffer from ligature marks around the neck after the rape itself Due to forced penetration, genitals of the rape victim can become swollen and bruised. In addition, bruising around the rectal area can also become bruised and swollen. Many rape victims are left with STDs after a rape occurs, and often suffer this physical affect for a lifetime. Rape victims, when female; may also become pregnant after a rape occurs. This often leaves the victim with a decision of whether to get an abortion or not. A rape victim may also experience trouble urinating after an attack, or may suffer from urinary tract infections. Abdominal pain and cramping after an attack is also common. Some victims of rape may even experience skin problems, headaches, loss of appetite, excess appetite, sore throat, nausea, back ache and pelvic soreness. The most important thing though for rape victims to do after an attack, is to seek medical help immediately. It is crucial for victims to not bathe or shower directly after an attack, as the emergency room staff will need to acquire evidence from the victim’s body in order to identify the rapist. The psychological fallout that rape victims suffer is often lifelong due to the horrific experience of being raped. These psychological symptoms include depression, anxiety, feelings of guilt over what has happened (even though rape is never the victims fault), nightmares, flashbacks, a feeling of emotional numbness, irritability and debilitating or extreme fear. A rape victim may experience something called PTSD (post traumatic stress disorder) which is a psychological disorder brought on by extreme stress and fear, much like what a rape victim experiences during a rape. Other psychological symptoms include an overall

Teaching Styles & Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Teaching Styles & Technology - Essay Example Because teaching and learning are at best semi-structured activities, neither is conducive to automation. Yet certain aspects of instruction, particularly the delivery of information characteristics or teaching styles are prone to automation. Information classroom technologies facilitate student access to information to improve the availability or reality of learning materials. In contrast to automated classrooms that improve the efficiency of information delivery, the goal here is to make new, qualitatively better information available that would otherwise not be. Learning networks, hypermedia, simulations, and virtual reality are information classroom technologies. While IT infrastructure developments represent attempts to provide technology tools to improve the teaching and/or learning processes, they are often undertaken without a thorough assessment of the learning gains desired or even possible. For instance, high expectations without clear objectives and realistic goals may lead to the development of state-of-the-art facilities, at once impressive yet intimidating, replete with potential yet lacking clear guidelines on how to use the technology to achieve learning improvements. Learning models are often classifie... The primary competing cognitive model is constructivism. The objectivist model of learning is based on Skinner's stimulus-response theory: learning is a change in the behavioral disposition of an organism (Jonassen, 1993) that can be shaped by selective reinforcement. The tenet of the model is that there is an objective reality and that the goal of learning is to understand this reality and modify behavior accordingly (Jonassen, 1993). The goal of teaching is to facilitate the transfer of knowledge from the expert to the learner. Errors in understanding are the result of imperfect or incomplete knowledge transfer. The model makes several pedagogical assumptions regarding learning and instruction. In terms of learning, the first assumption is that there exists a reality that is agreed upon by individuals. Second, this reality can be represented and transferred to a learner. Third, the purpose of the mind is to act as a mirror of reality rather than as an interpreter of reality (Jonassen, 1993). Fourth, all: learners use essentially the same processes for representing and understanding the world. In terms of instruction, the objectivist model assumes that the goal of teaching is to efficiently transmit knowledge from the expert to the learner. Instructors structure reality into abstract or generalized representations that can be transferred and then recalled by students (Yarusso, 1992). The objectivist model may be the most appropriate model in some contexts--for example, in factual or procedural-based learning. However, models challenging objectivism have emerged. The most widely accepted alternate model is

Euros right Essay Example for Free

Euros right Essay The radical right refers to parties with two basic characteristics. To begin with their perception of the nation is more ethnic than anything else and consequently they aim at defending the country from any possible external threats (Art, 2007, Pp 332). Right-wing parties are also populist in nature due to the fact that their political strategy involves attacking the government of the day and generally aims at tapping into the frustrations, insecurities and fears the regular citizen may have (Art, 2007 Pp 332). They are right-wing because of their opposition of socialism and more restrictive policies on immigration. They are different from the far right because they support welfare programs, rights of gay people, freedom of expression, gender equality and separation of church and state. The parties’ ideology is such that they present themselves as the guardians and protectors of liberal ideas that are traditional (Akkerman, 2005 Pp 337-354) Radical right wing populist gained its first significant successes with the appearance of the French National Front and British national party in the 1980s. James Schwarzenbach of Switzerland pioneered this trend in ideology in the beginning of the 1970s. The Front National rose in France in 1983, scoring approximately above 155 of the votes in regional elections and gaining 35 seats in the legislative election of 1986. Its support had reached a peak by 1997 at more than 14% but the support later dropped to 4% (www. stanford. edu/group/SHR/s-2/patton. html). The support of the Republicans in the European parliament decreased with a swing that favored the far right National Democratic Party of Germany. The party held a 1. 6% vote majority garnering up to an estimate 9% of the regional votes. (Jesuit and Mahler, 2004 pp25) The situation in Switzerland is slightly different. When the popularity of the Swiss Democrats and the Swiss Freedom Party grew in the 1990s they were absorbed by the Swiss People’s Party. The Swiss Party had an assertive campaign which was mainly right-wing and populist. The campaign enabled the party to acquire an estimated 28. 5% of the popular vote in 2007. The Austrian Freedom Party, another right wing party in Western Europe had great success in 1999 and formed a coalition government. The List Pim Fortuyn also formed a coalition government in 2002 and in Scandinavia the Danish People’s Party, the rightwing party has had various small successes. Jesuit and Mahler, 2004 pp26-27). The success of the right-wing political parties can be attributed to several factors. Among these are immigration, economic distress (usually levels of unemployment are used); social welfare state polices, weakening of established part systems and the proportionality of the electoral system. The support for Right wing political parties has been argued to arise from the fact that there is an increase in the multi-culturalization of the societies of west-European. In response to this, most voters have opted to support right-wing parties due to the fear of loss of a national identity as the ideology of right wing parties is against immigration. Another side to this immigration argument is that when there are high levels of immigration high unemployment levels result. This has the effect of making immigration undesirable hence increasing support for right wing parties. Another issue associated with immigration is an increase in crime which serves to make immigration even more undesirable. In effect, a high immigration rate has a favorable effect on the electoral process for the right wing parties when the economic situation is negative (Jesuit and Mahler, 2004, Pp 5). A study by Elisabeth Ivarsflaten found that the right wing parties that were successful in preceding elections; the Swiss SVP, Dutch LPF, the Front National of France had successful grievance models addressing the immigration crisis. The Austrian FPO had least success in mobilizing grievances about immigration policy and was consequently the least successful in the electoral process (Ivarsflaten, 2006, Pp17). The successful parties were more successful compared to the parties of the left which did not mobilize grievances about immigration policies. According to the study other grievance models such as economic grievance models and political elitist grievance models did not have much success in drawing voters to the right populist parties (Ivarsflaten, 2006 Pp 1-2). The radical right wing parties by focusing on a politics of resentment have capitalized on the sense of frustration by most blue-collar workers, the unemployed, less-educated and the retired and younger voters to garner support for their parties. The socially disadvantaged are more likely to blame ethnic minorities for the deterioration of conditions and to support protection of the culture while the criticizing the government (Norris, 2005, Pp 5). A five-nation comparison study found that professionals and white-collar employees have consistent under-representation in the right wing parties (Norris, 2005 Pp 6) The interaction between existing major political parties and right wing political parties facilitated by an open coalition market has contributed to the success and stability of the right wing populist parties significantly. Other political parties have had the effect of empowering the right wing populist parties by cooperating with them or being agnostic to the far right, right wing parties. Cooperation has led to increased legitimacy of the populist parties making the process of voter recruitment easier and thus increasing their support. In addition upon becoming legitimate, political entrepreneurs are drawn to the populist parties making them into a more permanent force within the party system (Art, 2005, Pp 332). This is evident from the success of the Austrian Freedom Part (FPO). The FPO formed a coalition with the conservative Austrian People’s Party (OVP) in 2000. In Austria other factors like support by the media contributed to the FPO’s support and eventually stability in the country. The Krone, Austria’s largest newspaper provided Jorg Haider with a sort of free advertising and at a time when the FPO suffered political setbacks the Krone was a significant ally. Haider received favorable commentaries and the editorials lauded him in a big way. The effect of Krone’s campaign was notable fro the state elections of 1991 which resulted in FPO winning about 22. percent of the vote. This was despite the fact that Heider had been dismissed following a comment that the Third Reich’s employment policies were better than those of the government at the time. Many thought that Heider’s political career was over but the Krone came to the rescue with the editorial staff defending his comments so much that Krone received letters from the public defending Heider or lauding the editor’s (Nimmerichter) commentaries on the issues (Art, 2005, Pp 342-343). The media thus has large political might as far as shaping the attitude of readers is concerned. By bombarding readers with unambiguous messages, the direction that voters take can be influenced especially by those papers that have large circulation rats such as the Krone in Austria. Radical right-wing involvement in coalition governments is one of the factors that are sustaining most right wing political parties. Many right wing parties are now participating in government leading to a sort of convergence towards the middle and also altering the policies of various main politic parties. Following the legislative election of 2004 the Danish People’s part helped to form a coalition government in which it got recognition as a support party for the Liberal-Conservative government. This has led to the party functioning as the main coalition partner for the government in daily politics. The Danish People’s Party received five chairmanships and six vice-chairmanships of committees in parliament. In addition, reform packages that made immigration policy were part of the benefits for the Danish People’s party (Rydgren, 2006, pp8). The political discourse between rights wing political parties and the center-right is increasing in many countries with the aim of securing wins and ensuring that office is not lost to the left. Participation of right wing political parties is exemplified in the case of Austria where the FPO ahs made deals with both the SPO and the OVP. The strategy of the main central right parties is to tame the right wing by including them in government. The Grand coalition of the OVP and SPO actually started implementing some of the FPO policies before the party (FPO) began to participate in the coalition government. This was an attempt by the OVP and SPO to reduce the attraction of the FPO by taking the initiative to act before FPO could do so. This however worked against them because Heider continued to increase his demands whenever the government came close to meeting them. For instance, the government implemented a policy that focused on integration of the already existing immigrants by Heider, put in new demands of repatriation (Bale, Pp 76-77). In Italy, the right wing populist party, the Lega Nord was also involved in a coalition government with Forza Italia. The Movement Sociale Italiano (MSI) was successfully turned into the Alleanza Nationale (AN) as Gianfranco Fini made an attempt at convergence so that the far right could be brought in from the cold. (Bale, 2003 pp 78). Again, Fini’s attempt was supported with the aim of making the coalition party more likely to win the elections. There is also the element of taming the right-wing political party as claimed by Silvio Berlusconi. The effect this had on Fini’s party is that the party moved beyond fascism leaving the Lega Nord as the main party concerned with immigrant- bashing (bale, Pp 78). It should also be noted that the coalition had the effect of influencing Berlusconi’s statements on immigration for example he suggested that police could be allowed to shoot ‘scafisti’ and speedboats that provided transportation means for illegal immigrants. This shows that to some degree the coalition influenced immigration policy or the thoughts on immigration policy of politicians in other parties. The Netherlands has had a continued cross-consensus among central-right parties and the right wing populist parties. This has led to the tightening of immigration and asylum regime of Netherlands over the years. This however may not be attributed to the effect of right populist parties because the Dutch centre-right has not been very encouraging of discussion with the right wing parties. This however, can be explained by the fact that the far-right parties were not as isolated as implied by moist international media sources hence heir views were not entirely unwelcome or seen as extreme. In addition, the politicians in the centre-right were not as tolerant of immigrants and progressive as presented by the foreign media. As such tightening immigration rules was acceptable to both the centre-right and populist parties. To avoid loss of support from following economic and social policies that reflect a centrist image most coalition governments are lived up to their campaign pledges and promises. In Denmark, the immigration laws were made tighter by putting stricter criteria for acceptance, increasing the period of waiting for the residency, making it more difficult for a foreigner to bring in a spouse and making it easier for the spouse to leave following a divorce. The benefits for those waiting were also reduced. The support by the public though not unanimous was high. The changes were also accompanied by reductions in public spending on the budgets leading to increased criticism from the centrist voters. (Bale, 2003 pp 79-80) In Austria, the FPO integration contract was unopposed by OVP. The contracts made integration harder, it basically required nationals of other countries (except European Union nationals) to pay for language courses and citizenship failure to which would lead to fines and deportation. This reform agenda also had on its list privatization, reduction of expenditure on welfare, education and health with an increase of expenditure on law and order budgets. The Italian right wing government has kept its promise of immigration policy but was met with much criticism from businesses due to decrease in availability of labor. Consequently Berlusconi allowed his right-wing partners to take the credit for the decline in crime apparently attributed to stricter laws on foreigners, so they could also take the rap for the market-labor issues brought about by the tougher laws on immigration. The effect of the short-lived coalition government of the CDA with the right-wing LPF also resulted in tougher laws on foreigners with requirements for payment for language classes and laws that made it difficult for the foreigners to be united with their spouses. A coalition agreement of June 2002 also announced the plans of the government to pursue illegal immigrants with the aim of damping down on businesses that employed them (Bale, 2003, pp 79-81). Generally the ride and stay of the right wing parties to power has led to a revision of immigration policies in those countries where the populist parties have been successful. The populist parties by their participation and activities in government have lead to increase in the legitimacy of the ideology of these right wing parties. In addition the center-right has given greater salience to the issues campaigned for by the far-right. This is because of the effect the mainstream center-right has on the media; their capacity at agenda-setting contributes to bringing the issues to the forefront. The center-right inclusion of right-wing parties in government has led to wins against the far-left. Voters who would have voted for the far-left are attracted to the ideology of the right wing populists. Though the right-wing has made much progress, their future is bleak. This is because of the fact that the programs of these parties is not in line with capitalism which is the main force behind globalization. For the economy of European countries to grow labor has to be exported because the continent generally has an aging population. This means that immigration is necessary and because the right wing parties do not oppose capitalism, they are likely to agree to demands of the business community concerning immigration causing them to implement policies that they were against, leading to loss of their populist appeal. Globalization is a greater force to deal with which cannot be challenged by nationalistic politics. The pressure of opposition to right wing politics is evidence that politics is not moving to the right only. When Le pen was successful in France, many youth took to the streets to protest against the National Front: far left candidates won about 10 percent of the popular vote in the first round of the elections and also in countries like Sweden and Germany the right-wing movement has been mainly unsuccessful. These factors will serve to temper the progress and prevalence of right-wing politics.

Human Resources Management (HRM) in Aviva

Human Resources Management (HRM) in Aviva Introduction Today, organizations are recognizing the importance of using best practices to enhance the skills and knowledge of the workforce to have a competitive edge over other organizations competing in the market. An essential component of every organization is training and development of its employees. The effectiveness of training can be measured if the knowledge and skills of the potential employees is harness and developed. Harnessing, transferring and equipping information and knowledge to the potential employees within an organization in order to interpret that information and knowledge into practice with a vision to improve the organizational effectiveness and productivity and the management of the people in referred as training in general terms. Training programmes and development of new employees after recruitment and selection process is an ongoing and many folded set of activities. Training and development is carried on in order to convey knowledge and skills to a big shot, over and over again to perform a job or a new role in the future. In Aviva Life Insurance Company Private Limited, training is considered as an effective tool to keep hold of and motivate their people and to be acquainted with technical change and customer services. Training and development programme must be strategically arranged in a line with the mission and goals of an organization. It needs to be aligned and designed with the aim of training and equipping employees to achieve the organizational goals, departmental as well as personal goals. Training and development function is progressively more than a programme. Increasingly, it is a tool for breaking the new grounds and conveying continuous learning process and bringing about the change through training and development activities. Improved productivity has turn out to be universally recognized by the organization and it is dependant on efficient and effective training of the employees. Now a day, Aviva Life Insurance Company is investing on training and development of its workforce to stay a head and to gain competitive advantage. In order to stay competitive and to guarantee brilliant and skilled staff, Aviva needs to make sure the training and development of all the employees. Staff training and development is the bottom line of organization success. Planned training and development programme is a systematic development of knowledge and skills, attitude required to perform a job by the employees. Fresh candidate into Aviva carry certain skills and capabilities which are not pertinent to its goals and objects and or needs most of the time. It is the planned training and development program which are entailed for the new and existing employees to facilitate them to work in the direction of achieving expected destination of the organization. Mental, physical, social and intellectual trainings all are very essential for the development of personal and as well as for organizational success. Human Resources Management and Training Human Resources Management focuses on people recruitment and selection, training and development, performance management, employee motivation and benefits. Human Resources Management is mess functioning part of Aviva Life Insurance Company which deals with human capital management and its administration. Human Resources Management includes number of functions and its Human Resources Functioning keeps change with the passage of time and according to the needs of an organization. When we look at the association between human resources management and training and development within an Aviva it is also keep varying. The activities related to training are as important as other human resources functions are equally important. There was a time when training was considered to be the waste of time, money and resources, and considered to be fruitless. But in this present age of advanced technology and competitiveness, training is considered to be an investment of time and money in human capital. Now a day, training is considered to be an essential instrument of human resources management in order to organize, control and develop the human capital to reduce the attrition rate this helps in keep motivating the entire workforce within an organization. It increases the satisfaction level of employ ees, helps professional achieving personal and organizational goals. Training is considered to be the backbone of employees, organizational success and as well as departmental success. Survival without training has become difficult for the departments within an organization such as sales and marketing, production and finance department. Human Resources Department is taking training as a priority and human resources management is carrying it out effectively. Training and development programmes in Aviva enhance the profile development in the organization. Human resources management and professionals play a vital role in this scenario. The role of human resources management and professionals can be seen as a dynamic participation in employee education and improved performance means more rewards and productivity (Gary Dessler, 2000). Training as a Strategic Function of Human Resources Management Aviva is investing money resources in training considering it as a payback asset. They believe that investment in human capital will provide it competitive edge worldwide and it will enhance the profile development in the organization. Training is considered to be an ongoing process. It is a never ending learning process. It is functional at all levels, lower, middle as well as managerial level. Training programme is a set of well planned activities. These activities related to training facilitate employees learning of knowledge, skills attitude to perk up the productivity to do their current job and enhance the performance to achieve organizational goals. Looking at the long term incentive of training, training and development of employees pertain to continuing efforts to improve working of entire human capital within an organization which will lead towards the achievement of personal and organizational goals. Training is essential for an employer of an organization for many reasons it facilitate the organization towards the development of human capital of a country. This gives an edge to the organization and changes its overall representation in the market and this can increase the relationship and influence. This necessitates a high level of collaboration between the employees and training and development team (Divina M. Edralin, 2004). Aims and Objectives of Study The research focuses on the evaluation of effectiveness of training carried on by Aviva. After the recruitment and selection of the employees it is important for Aviva to best train the new entrants so that they could perform better on job. Training of employees aims at taking best out of them. Training enhances the efficiency of the employees and it keeps them motivated. This study on evaluation of the effectiveness of training for employees in Aviva life insurance Company gives us an insight into the following objectives; The Objectives are: In order to get to know the value of training of human resources in any organisation. To know the various methods, strategies, programmes and techniques used by the organisations for training its employees. To check the value of the training programs that is conducted in the organization for their employees by analyzing the training programs. To be familiar with the changes that an organisation can need to enhance its training programs to create them more valuable for the employees. Identifying drawbacks of existing training process in practice in the organization. Providing recommendations in order to reduce deficiencies from the existing training process in Aviva. Purpose of the Study This research is taken to check that whether these training programs are in use in the organization and to check the authenticity of these programs for the employees. Its also check and evaluated that both these programs help the employees in Aviva to perform their tasks properly or not and also give organization a direction and way to improve and enhance their training program for better performance. Scope of the Study The scope of the study indents to provide an overview the typical methods used to evaluate the training effectiveness provided to the employees. The evaluation of effective training provided to the existing and new entrants ensure that the training was well structured and planned. A number of methods are used to measure the effectiveness of training. These techniques used in the Aviva to assess the effectiveness of training are organized and efficient and co-related to the training programmes. The tools and techniques used to weigh up the training effectiveness are considered to be the evaluation indicators. These indicators assist in establishing and maintaining effectiveness of the training provided to the employees. The main objective of using there indicators is to measure that to what extend the training objectives have been achieved and par the organizational needs. Limitations of the study Every study faces some limitation in carrying out its research. These limitations are unavoidable like always. This research expects to face the following limitations; The feedback or response of the respondents would be uncontrollable The study is confined to the training function only which is a strategic function of human resources management. Reaching out training programme policies would be difficult. The employees of the Aviva might not be willing to provide required information necessary to carry out the research. The data provided by the Aviva life Insurance Company, according to the sample set of employees might be biased Sample of chosen employees could be limited All the above mentioned limitations can be a stumbling block in the way of research findings, data collection and data analysis. Literature Review Following will the literature review relating to the research on evaluating the effectiveness of training for the employees. Training Conventional training necessitates covering up the important job-related skills and knowledge. On the whole, the most important and effective way to develop and train employees is based on effective training programme. Training is not only for the employees but also subjected to the top level management and the administration level. Employees should give training according to their job performance because every employee has different function to perform in organization. Function of Training The function of Training is: To provide employees with the skills and knowledge require ensuring optimum performance results, develop a cache of employees qualified to meet the organizations operational needs, and contribute to positive morale, employee satisfaction, and development. Importance of Training If the employees are giving proper training, it will benefit the organization in so many ways. By providing proper training Aviva can learn that how it will carry on in todays rivalry world and speedily varying atmosphere. Training helps in adding up worth to the reimbursement of the organization. If there is proper support from management and workers, Training will be more valuable. The value of training is as follows  [1]  : Productivity can be increased in an Aviva with proper training. Employees skill knowledge can be enhanced through training and it also helps a lot in improving whole character of the employee. Quality of work performed by the employees can be enhanced by providing proper training. Training helps in the improvement of the human resources in the organization by giving them skill base knowledge and through it employees can also improve their personality. Maintenance of employees within the organization is done by Training and reduces labors return. Employees get motivated for their work through training. Moreover, motivation helps the employees in performing organizational goals and objectives. To build a peaceful work place in Aviva training is considered an important tool. It will also help in establishing the employee relationships and enhance the organizational traditions. Aviva Life Insurance Company can get more profit through proper training. If the employees will get proper training then they will perform their work more efficiently which at the same time minimize the wear and tear. Goals and objectives in Aviva can only be achieved with proper training and it also helps the employees to perform their goals. Training Need Analysis Training is a part of Human Resource Development. Training is very important for the development of employees along with the organizational development. Human Resource is the only resource which can drive business for competitiveness. Training is needed at all levels in Aviva. Training is effective only when it is given to the right kind of person at the right time for the right objective and involves the right cost. So only that kind of training should be given to employees which is effective for both the organization as well as for employees. Training Need Analysis involve the collection of data related to the need for providing training to the employees. Methods of Training There are several methods used for training such as; On Job Training (OJ) Off Job Training (Seminars, Lectures etc) Cognitive Training (Discussions, Demonstrations etc) Behavioural Training (Role Playing, Business Games etc) Classroom Lectures Coaching Role Playing Mentoring (Divina M. Edralin. (2004). Research Questions The research questions are: What training programs are used by Aviva? What are the actions for all the training programs which are done by Aviva? How efficient and effective the training programs are done for the employees by Aviva? What suggestions and recommendations can be purposed to Aviva for the enhancement in their training programs? Problem Statement Organizations using training programmes are much effective and are meeting organizational needs or failing in todays changing world. Hypothesis Every research has two variables. The independent variable does affect the dependent variable in every research. AN EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TRAINING FOR EMPLOYEES Dependent Variable: Employees of an organization Independent Variable: Training Programmes Research Method and Data Collection Research Design It is essential to pursue a correct research method in order to feasible research. A research plan states basically the abstract arrangement within which the research can be obtained. The main purpose of a research design is to give for the gathering of related proof with accessible costs of effort, time and money. The research method should be able to elucidate the techniques suitable for obtaining the projected study. In order to estimate the efficiency of the training for the workers in Aviva Life Insurance Co. Pvt. Ltd, a relative research design has been selected. The research methods are helpful in describing the different training programs made by Aviva and the estimation of the usefulness of those training programs, in order to obtain the goals of the research. Data Collection for the research Primary Data Collection In this research, different methods have been used for collecting the data to quantify the results of this research. Both the primary and secondary data will be used for the research. The primary data will be collected by providing questionnaire to the employees in Aviva and by taking in-depth interviews. Secondary Data Collection The means of collecting the secondary data are magazines, books, journals, newspapers, internet, publications etc. The secondary data about the Aviva is collected by going through various journals, magazines, published statistics and websites of the organisation. Aviva has also provided data regarding their training programmes and their evaluation. For making the questionnaire and for deciding the questions to be asked in the interview, the data is collected about the topic of the research and about the organization through journals, websites, magazines etc. Sample Procedure The sampling procedure used in the research will be random sampling with each and every element in the population having equal chance of being selected. Keeping in mind the time and resource constraints, a sample of 40 employees were chosen. Conclusion The most important function of human resources management in Aviva is the training of employees. The transformation of skills and knowledge required to enhance the performance and increase the productivity can be achieved through effective training programme. Along with effective training, effective evaluation of training is necessary. The training programme should be according to the requirements and needs of the job. Before setting up any training programme, job specifications should be taken into account. The employees should also be fully motivated regarding the training programmes. For measuring whether the training objectives are achieved or not, evaluation should be done periodically. Evaluation helps the Aviva in measuring the effectiveness of the training programmes. There are proper methods for evaluating each and every type of training programme. The result of evaluation depends on the data collected by the organization for doing evaluation.

Understanding Of How The Counselling Works Sociology Essay

Understanding Of How The Counselling Works Sociology Essay Counselling has been defined by the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP, 2009) as talking therapy, which involves a contractual arrangement between the therapist and the client where they meet, in privacy and confidence, to explore a difficulty or distress the client may be experiencing (p. 1). It works through the development of a therapeutic relationship whereby the counsellor actively and attentively listens to the client in order to gain insight and understanding into the difficulties the client is confronted with, from the clients perspective. Using different techniques, the counsellor can try to help the client to work through these difficulties, to understand them, and to solve them or accept them, depending on what the difficulties are. Importantly, counselling does not work by the provision of advice or direction; instead, the counsellor helps the client to gain mastery in directing their own lives. The two counselling approaches discussed within this essay are person-centred counselling and cognitive-behavioural therapy. The theory underlying these approaches will be outlined, followed by examples of techniques used, and evidence of efficacy. Person-centred counselling, also known as client-centred or Rogerian counselling, is a humanistic approach to counselling founded by Carl Rogers in the 1950s (Rogers, 1951). The approach is based on the assumption that human beings are experts of themselves and that they have access to their own innate expert resources of self-understanding and self-direction. The role of the counsellor is thus to provide a facilitative environment and relationship for the client to find these resources within themselves. In order to provide this facilitative environment and relationship, the counsellor basis their interactions with the client on three key principles: 1) They are congruent (genuine) with the client, which can involve the counsellor showing their own human traits through appropriate and well-timed personal disclosure. This contrasts many other approaches to counselling, which tend to promote a more formal relationship between counsellor and client. 2) They provide unconditional positive regard, even if a client divulges something that the counsellor disagrees with; the counsellor remains accepting and caring of the client. Rogers believed this was important for clients to grow and reach their full potential. 3) They express  empathy (the ability to understand what the client is feeling) and  understanding towards the client. By providing empathy, the clients feelings are validated, which can be an important part of moving through and beyond those feelings. These three key principles demonstrate how the primary focus in person-centred counselling is the relationship between the counsellor and client. The person-centred counsellor seeks to establish a trusting relationship with the client in whom the client can gradually confront anxieties, confusion and other negative emotions. Central to person-centred counselling is the notion of self-concept, which refers to the perceptions and beliefs the client holds about themselves. The self-concept is influenced by an individuals experience of the world and comprises three components: Self-worth (self-esteem) thoughts about the self, which develop in early childhood and from experiences with parents or guardians. Self-image perceptions of the self, including body image, which can influence personality. Ideal self the self a person would like to be, including goals and ambitions. The  self-concept  is not necessarily consistent with how others view the client, as is the case in people with low self-esteem or conditions such as body dysmorphic disorder (characterised by perceived defects in physical appearance). Rogers based person-centred counselling the assumption that all human beings are seeking a positive self-concept (self-actualisation). It is this innate motivation towards self-fulfilment that is nurtured during person-centred counselling, with the emphasis again being on the clients own resources. Rogers has been criticised for having an overly optimistic view of human beings (Chantler, 2004), as well as focusing too much on a clients ideal self without considering whether this ideal self is realistic (Wilkins, 2003). However, despite this criticism, there is strong evidence supporting the efficacy of the person-centred approach, including a UK-based meta-analysis of scientific studies (Elliot and Freire, 2008). This meta-analysis demonstrated large pre- and post- changes in therapeutic outcomes that were maintained in the long-term. Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) was founded in the 1960s by Aaron Beck when he observed that during counselling sessions, his clients tended to have an internal dialogue that was often negative and self-defeating. Furthermore, this internal dialogue was observed to influence behaviour. This led to the hypothesis that changing these internal dialogues would lead to changes in behaviour. Thus, CBT focuses on the thoughts, images, beliefs and attitudes held by the client and how these relate to the clients behaviour or way of dealing with emotional problems. CBT takes a problem-solving approach to counselling, where the client and counsellor work collaboratively to understand problems and to develop strategies for tackling them. Clients are taught by counsellors, through guidance and modelling, a new set of skills that they can utilise when confronted with a particular problem. These skills are often focused on reframing negative self-talk in an effort to change ones interpretation of the problem. An event is not necessarily the problem, but more so the individuals interpretation of the event. CBT focuses on the present rather than the past, but does examine how self-defeating thinking patterns might have been formed in early childhood and the impact patterns of thinking might have on how the world is interpreted in the present, as an adult. These patterns of thinking can then be challenged by the counsellor and altered to fit the present. Taking a problem-solving approach means that CBT can offer effective outcomes in relatively short periods of time, most often 3-6 months. As an example, interpersonal psychotherapy for eating disorders has been found to take 8-12 weeks longer than CBT in order to achieve comparable outcomes (Agras et al., 2000). This is an obvious advantage the CBT approach has over other forms of counselling, making it a popular technique and the leading treatment for some mental health issues, such as bulimia (Wilson, Grilo, and Vitousek, 2007). The technique has even been incorporated into health interventions designed to assist overweight and obese individuals in losing weight (Wylie-Rosett et al., 2001) and to facilitate smoking cessation initiatives (Sussman, Ping, and Dent, 2006). CBT differs from other counselling approaches in that sessions have a structure, rather than the person talking freely about whatever comes to mind. At the beginning of counselling, the client meets the counsellor so that they can collaboratively set therapeutic goals to work towards. These goals then become the basis for planning the content of sessions as well as for assigning homework between sessions. The reason for having this structure is that it helps to use the therapeutic time efficiently and ensures that important information is not overlooked. Homework between sessions enables the client to practice and gain mastery in new skills with the opportunity to discuss any problems encountered in the next session. The counsellor takes a more active role at the beginning of counselling and as skills are mastered and the client grasps the principles they find helpful, the client is encouraged to take more responsibility for the content of sessions. The aim is that when the therapeut ic relationship comes to an end, the client is sufficiently empowered to continue working  independently. CBT also differs from other approaches in the nature of the relationship between counsellor and client. Some counselling approaches encourage the client to depend on the counsellor, as part of the treatment process, in an effort to build trust. CBT favours a more equal relationship that is more formal, problem-focused and practical. Such a relationship has been coined by Beck as collaborative empiricism, which emphasises the importance of client and counsellor working together to test out how the ideas behind CBT might apply to the clients individual circumstances (Beck, et al., 1979, Chap. 3). As demonstrated, patient-centred counselling and CBT are very different approaches to counselling, both in terms of structure and the role of the counsellor. In terms of preference, it could be argued that both are valuable, effective approaches to counselling. Evidence shows that they both work and thus preference would be better decided with consideration of the client and their individual needs. Whilst person-centred counselling might be preferable for a client with trust issues or who requires extensive examination of past trauma, CBT might be preferable for someone with an immediate problem or phobia to solve or someone whose problems are primarily governed by negative self-talk. Since CBT works with cognitions and behaviour and person-centred counselling works more with affect and emotion, their application needs to be based on individual context. Agras, W.S., et al., 2000. A multicentre comparison of cognitive behavioural therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy for bulimia nervosa. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, pp.459-466. Beck, A. T., et al., (1979).  Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford Press. British Association of Counselling Psychotherapy 2009. Ethical Framework for Good Practice in Counselling Psychotherapy. Available from: http://www.bacp.co.uk [cited 09 January 2010]. Chantler, K., 2004. Double-edged sword: power and person-centred counselling. In Moodley, R., Lago, C., and Talahite, A. eds. Carl Rogers counsels a black client. Herefordshire: PCCS Books. Coren, A., 2001. Short- Term Psychotherapy: A Psychodynamic Approach. Palgrave Publishers Ltd. Elliott, R. and Freire, B., 2008. Person-Centred Experiential Therapies Are Highly Effective: Summary of the 2008 Meta-analysis. http://www.bapca.co.uk/uploads/files/Meta-Summary091708.doc. [cited 09 January 2011]. Rogers, Carl.,1951. Client-centered Therapy: Its Current Practice, Implications and Theory. London: Constable. Sussman, S., Sun, P., and Dent, C. W., 2006. A meta-analysis of teen cigarette smoking cessation. Health Psychology, 25(5), pp.549-557. Training and careers in counselling and psychotherapy (BACP) 2009. [online]. http://www.bacp.co.uk/admin/structure/files/pdf/811_t1.pdf [cited 09 January 2011]. Wilkins P.2003 Person-centred therapy in focus. London: SAGE publications Wilson, G.T., Grilo, C.M., and Vitousek, K.M. 2007. Psychological treatment of eating disorders. The  American Journal of Psychology, 62, pp.199-216. Wylie-Rosett., et al., 2001. Computerized weight loss intervention optimizes staff time. Journal of American Dietetic Association, 101, pp. 1155-1162.

field biology projects :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I intend on doing a regular project and an extra credit project. For my first project I will start a recycling process in my home. I don’t want to make it too hard on my family so it will consist of aluminum objects and plastics. I will run this and accumulate materials for two weeks. After I will take pictures to illustrate what I have accomplished with my family and write a general knowledge paper on how it affected my home and the environment. It is my assumption that in order to have sex once you have finished. You in other words ahavr the obligation to hit the ball wherever pitched. In doing so you can then have sex with whom you want. If you are a complete ass the you need to have your eyes checked out. Oh say can tou see by the dawns early light. What so proudly we hail at the twilights last gleaming. Who's brought bed sheets to the calm winter morning is oner hwo have indused the same semtiment. Some body has fo to do to to to tot oos be a and get a bagel to eat or som e shit you nkow what I mena. I mean tou if I get 100 people to testify that I have not committed a crime then by god i will now not ever dro the time for what I fold so dearly to life. That is getting boty from anyone I can.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Corwin Belfield Student Extra Credit Project Spring 2002 Field Biology Dr. Hanks For my second project will consist of two Saturday afternoons when my high school baseball team practices at Eastside park in Paterson, New Jersey. With that it will be appropriately called ‘OPERATION CLEANUP’. With this I will not only be educated on the importance of a healthy environment also the kids will learn of the importance to the atmosphere and the many reasons it will be thankful for any help we can give it.

The Fool And Cordelia: Opposing Influences On King Lear :: essays research papers

Although the Fool and Cordelia are similarly candid towards their King, they never interact in Shakespeare’s King Lear, because the Fool is a chaotic influence while Cordelia is a stabilizing force. While the Fool and Cordelia both act in the Lear’s best interest, it is not always evident to Lear. The Fool’s actions often anger the King, and lead to an increase in his madness. On the other hand, Cordelia’s actions more often soothe Lear, and coax him back into sanity. Another commonality between the Fool and Cordelia is their honesty. Both the Fool and Cordelia are frank with Lear, though he may not always appreciate that they do so for his own good.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Shakespeare’s King Lear, the Fool is a source of chaos and disruption in King Lear’s tumultuous life. The Fool causes the King distress by insulting him, making light of his problems, and telling him the truth. On the road to Regan’s, the Fool says â€Å"If thou wert my Fool, nuncle, I’d have thee / beaten for being old before thy time.† (1.5.40-41). He denies the king the respect due to him as an aged King, causing the King to wonder at his worthiness. The fool also makes light of Lear’s qualms making snide remarks in response to Lear’s ruminations. When Lear asks Edgar cryptically, â€Å"wouldst thou give ‘em all?† the Fool responds, â€Å"Nay, he reserved a blanket, else we had been all shamed† (3.4.69-72). The Fool’s snide remarks do little to maintain Lear’s fragile control of his faculties. However, the Fool speaks to the king candidly, a rare occasion in Lear’s life . Even Kent acknowledges the truth of the Fool’s statements, saying, â€Å"This is not altogether fool, my lord† (1.4.155).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While the Fool disrupts Lear’s mental state, Cordelia steadies him with compassion, understanding, and truth. When Cordelia has rescued the King, she says that â€Å"Mine enemy’s dog, / though he had bit me, should have stood that night / Against my fire† (4.7.42-44). Cordelia is amazed at her sisters’ treatment of Lear because she cannot comprehend the actions of such uncaring people. Cordelia’s considerate nature soothes the King’s overwrought mind. Because the King seems rash and even irrational at times, those who understand him are few. His youngest daughter knows what Lear goes through with her sisters, and wishes that she could â€Å"Repair those violent harms that my two sisters / Have in thy reverence made.

Poes Theory and Practice Reflected in The Cask of Amontillado Essay

Poe's Theory and Practice Reflected in The Cask of Amontillado Edgar Allan Poe, author of "brilliant reviews, poems, and stories," was born in 1809, and sadly died, a young man, in 1849 (665). To truly understand Poe, one must note the time period in which he wrote. It was an age of Literary Realism and Dark Romanticism, which was Poe's arena. The concept of "New Literary Criticism" was not yet mainstream. However, Poe was a critic as well as an acclaimed author. By observing the talents that Poe admired in the writings of others, one may better understand the inner workings of Poe's infamous short stories. In 1854, Poe wrote a review of the works of Nathaniel Hawthorne entitled "The Importance of the Single Effect in a Prose Tale" (854). In this essay I will compare the strengths Poe champions in Hawthorne's works with those that accentuate Poe's well known short story "The Cask of Amontillado." According to Poe, "Truth is often . . . the aim of the tale" (855). Perhaps this is why Poe's "The Cask of Amontillado" borrows its premise from an allegedly factual incident that took place while Poe was stationed at Boston Harbor. After unjustly killing a young lieutenant in a duel, a Captain Green was incited, by his men, into drinking a great deal. He was then buried alive under the floorboards. (Agatucci) Similarly, the unfortunate Fortunato meets his doom while the warmth of liquor soothes his inhibitions. Also like Captain Green, Fortunato was not depicted as an innocent. Universal truth is considered to be one facet of Literary Realism, or as Shakespeare stated "a mirror held up to [human] nature." There is hardly an emotion more natural than the need for revenge. While the appearance of forgivenes... ...ins at once by addressing the reader as a friend: "You, who so well know the nature of my soul" (666). He then proceeds to enlighten the reader as to the unspeakable act he has committed. Poe does this in a demeanor that rests somewhere between bragging and remorse. The regret, however, is not clear until late in the story with the line "My heart grew sick..." (670). We then realize the dreadful deed was committed some 50 years earlier (671). This leads the reader to a discovered sense of urgency in Montresor's confession. Perhaps he is on his own deathbed, one can only guess. This lends itself to Atwood's idea that "This is the story [Montresor] must tell, this is the story [we] must hear" (Agatucci). In other words, the reader must commit to Poe as he has to his reader. "The Cask of Amontillado" is more than a story; it is an insightful experience.

Should Nurses Disclose Hiv Status Health And Social Care Essay

Globally human life is exposed to a premier threat of deathly HIV virus which has halted 35 million people to decease and 34 million were populating with HIV boulder clay 2011. In the recent epoch, augmented figure of I.V drug users, insecure blood transfusion and multiple sex spouses are considered high hazards for HIV transmittal, on the contrary fright of stigmatisation, deficiency of credence in the community and effects on sexual relationship are some critical factors which hinder revelation of HIV position and advancing rapid spread of HIV among vulnerable people. Continuing the secretiveness of HIV position means endangering others life. Should the septic one hazard the life of others? I assert that unwraping HIV position to sexual spouses and household will diminish hazard of HIV transmittal, better entree to medical intervention and increased chances to societal and moral support for the patient. Advocates argue that the foremost of import benefit of unwraping HIV position to sexual spouse and household is to cut down the hazard of transmittal. Although to make up one's mind when and how to portion the dismaying HIV positive position is hard but after the revelation, sexual spouses and household members become watchful to cognize their ain HIV position. To command HIV epidemics, Voluntary HIV proving and unwraping can efficaciously cut down hazard behaviours among vulnerable persons ( WHO, 2004 ) . Besides that, the most dynamic effect of Sharing HIV position with sexual spouse is involvement in preventative sexual behaviour. Sexual spouse become interested to cognize the different path of HIV transmittal to follow preventative schemes. We know that despite of the singular promotion in the field of medicine no vaccinums are available for HIV. However, the merely defensive tool is to affect the vulnerable population in precautional behaviours. Research based literatures have c oncluded that after unwraping HIV position the most frequent preventative behaviour followed by testing is addition in the usage of rubbers ( Lauretta et al, 2010 ) . Furthermore, in the survey of Niccolai, Dorst, Myer & A ; Kissinger ( 1999, as cited in Lauretta et al. , 2010 ) it was concluded that the usage of rubber among those who havenaa‚Â ¬a„?t unwrap their HIV position to sexual spouse was about 23 % comparison to 73 % among those who have disclosed. The advocates besides claim that unwraping HIV increase the inclination towards better intervention chances. Normally in our ain cultural context after sharing any alarming diagnosing, non merely patient but customarily his close relations remain in battle to place such intervention centre which is easy accessible and cost effectual. Besides, those who have already suffered from the same disease shared their experiences and battles for intervention which become helpful in designation of different agencies to acquire rid of the disease. During my clinical in civil infirmary Karachi, I have encountered two HIV positive immature patients. The parents of both patients knew the diagnosing and the male parent of one patient despite of limited income shifted his boy to Aga khan university infirmary for quality intervention. Certain intervention like HAART therapy if received in initial phase can cut down the lay waste toing consequence of HIV virus. HAART therapy decreases the patterned adv ance of HIV to AIDS by 86 % ( Sterne et al. , 2005 ) . Early designation, revelation and entree to intervention are good for the better forecast of any disease. Instrumental, informational, emotional and fiscal advantages can be achieved to better entree to medicine through unwraping HIV position to supportive web ( Waddell & A ; Messeri, 2006 ) . In the survey of Waddell & A ; Messeri ( 2006 ) it was concluded that those who did non concealed their HIV positive position from any family member the average odds of intervention was 0.64 with a high support while those who did non unwrap their Status the average odds of intervention was 0.21. In add-on, different researches have proved the relationship between the effectivity of antiretroviral therapies and HIV forecast. About 80 % of patients are now alive 10 old ages after sero-conversion due to ART ( Oppenheim, 2009 ) . HIV marks CD4 immune cells of the organic structure finally decreases the opposition power of the organic structur e and the rate of timeserving infections like Tuberculosis ( TB ) addition. Preventing the patient signifier these timeserving infections can better life quality of HIV persons. In 2010 among 34 million instances of HIV worldwide, 1.1 million instances in sub-Saharan Africa were estimated holding HIV related TB ( Suthar et al. , 2010 ) . To command the overpowering effects of HIV /AIDS revelation facilitate entree to the support commissions. There are different organisations in different states working for bettering the life criterion of HIV patients, for illustration Alaskan AIDS Assistance Association ( 2008 ) supply aid to 300 HIV single yearly in the signifier of money, medicine, occupations, lodging, and instruction in Alaska ( USA ) . Unwraping HIV position seems helpful to acquire societal and emotional support from household. Not unwraping oneaa‚Â ¬a„?s HIV position is striping patient from psychological support which is possible to be achieved through revelation. Family members, friends and equal group become more sort and credence is increased. While believing about and protecting self from the negative reaction ( e.g. favoritism, rejection, and stigmatisation ) from the community, HIV patient attempt to maintain their position secrete with a fright that if my household come to cognize about the diagnosings what will be the effects? It becomes the cause of societal isolation and produces bad impacts like emphasis, depression and low self-pride. But revelation increases societal support, household credence and beef up relationships between patients and household ( WHO, 2004 ) . These positive attacks from the household non merely cut down stress degree but besides the instrumental, moral and fiscal support from household increases the degree of self-esteem. The important others of the HIV positive patient facilitate induction and attachment to HIV intervention. Harmonizing to Norman, Chopra & A ; Kadiyala ( 2006 ) revelation of HIV position can enable the activation of household or community support web and cut down morbidity through better psychological direction. Oppositions argue that HIV position of patient should non be disclosed because unwraping the diagnosing consequences in stigmatisation and patients feel fright of rejection in household and community. Furthermore, oppositions besides claim that HIV positive patients are discriminated in the society, their rights of confidentiality are violated and revelation to sexual spouse affects sexual relationship. Due to the mentioned grounds oppositions support to maintain the diagnosing in secretiveness. Protecting others from catching disease is ethical and moral duty of every person. To diminish the opposition and increase credence of HIV positive patient, cumulative attempt are needed to convey a drastic alteration in people perception through verbally pass oning guidance and through engagement of media. As a nurse it is our premier duty to aware the people about HIV and alter the perceptual experience of people about HIV persons. Oppositions besides argue that revelation consequence sexual relationship but one time the position is shared with the sexual spouse does non intend that sexual activities can non be continued any longer. There are alternate preventative steps like usage of rubbers and serosorting to forestall the hazard of transmittal. In peculiar survey HIV positive drug users after sharing their position with their sexual spouses they were experiencing more comfy and relax with a lower anxiousness degree about HIV transmittal ( Julianne, Daniel, Sarah & A ; Tinal, 200 5 ) . Evidences exist that reding can assist to increase the frequence of revelation to sexual spouse. The effects of guidance was evaluated by a cohort surveies with the result of 56-65 % revelation rate among those who attended six reding session comparison to those who attended three Sessionss and did non unwrap their position ( Scaly et al. , 2012 ) . To reason, being the member of a wellness attention squad we can play a function of pedagogue, counsellor, and advocate. We can cut down the incidence of HIV transmittal by bettering the degree of instruction to allow the people know the path of its transmittal and bar. Today as a nurse we can play function to urge such policies which could cut down the stigma and demand to ease HIV persons morally, emotionally, and socially to guarantee more revelation of HIV position.